湖北省天空云量的特征分析及其预报

利用１９９６～１９９８年的历史气象资料统计了湖北省天空云量,接着分析了天空云量与高空物理量的关系,在此基础上使用ＭＯＳ方法建立了天空云量的预报模型。经１９９９年９～１１月试验,其初步结果表明,该预报模型可较好地反映云量变化的趋势,对阴天和晴天之间转变的趋势预报较为正确,但其在应用时仍需加强订正工作。     

GRAPES模式后处理技术改进应用研究

详细梳理了GRAEPS模式后处理系统的计算方案,进行了GRAPES模式后处理中海平面气压计算方案的改进,温度垂直插值方案的改进以及位势高度的垂直插值外插方案的改进等。假定温度廓线随地形高度变化并满足静力平衡条件,对海平面气压及位势高度外插进行改进,改进后海平面气压和低层等压面的位势高度场在青藏高原和南美洲西部等大地形处改进明显,均方根误差和距平相关系数改进较大并通过显著性检验。对温度垂直插值采用的原始插值层进行改进,使得高层等压面温度场的准确性进一步提高,统计检验评分在各区域都有不同程度的提高,尤其是热带地区和东亚地区高层温度场改善明显。这些都为模式产品用户提供了更可靠的数值模式产品。     

不同平缓-混合坐标对一次高原准静止锋降水过程模拟影响对比分析

GRAPES_Meso模式预报存在南风偏大、虚假降水偏多等问题,且在大地形下游地区异常明显。平缓-混合坐标可以有效减小气压梯度力计算误差以及平流输送误差,而这两种误差与风场和水汽场预报密切相关。基于GRAPES_Meso模式选择四种平缓-混合坐标对一次典型的高原东部准静止锋降水过程进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明,较弱的天气形势演变下,平缓-混合坐标的改进效果比较明显,可以有效缓解风场预报偏差、虚假降水、虚假天气系统等问题,个例模拟的结果与实况更接近。     

Effects of terrain-following vertical coordinates on high-resolution NWP simulations

With increasing resolution in numerical weather prediction(NWP)models,the model topography can be described with finer resolution and includes steeper slopes.Consequently,negative effects of the traditional terrain-following vertical coordinate on high-resolution numerical simulations become more distinct due to larger errors in the pressure gradient force(PGF)calculation and associated distortions of the gravity wave along the coordinate surface.A series of numerical experiments have been conducted in this study,including idealized test cases of gravity wave simulation over a complex mountain,error analysis of the PGP estimation over a real topography,and a suite of real-data test cases.The GRAPES-Meso model is utilized with four different coordinates,i.e.,the traditional terrain-following vertical coordinate proposed by Gal-Chen and Somerville(hereinafter referred to as the Gal.C.S coordinate),the one-scale smoothed level(SLEVE1),the two-scale smoothed level(SLEVE2),and the COSINE(COS)coordinates.The results of the gravity wave simulation indicate that the GRAPES-Meso model generally can reproduce the mountain-induced gravity waves,which are consistent with the analytic solution.However,the shapes,vertical structures,and intensities of the waves are better simulated with the SLEVE2 coordinate than with the other three coordinates.The model with the COS coordinate also performs well,except at lower levels where it is not as effective as the SLEVE2 coordinate in suppressing the PGF errors.In contrast,the gravity waves simulated in both the Gal.C.S and SLEVE1 coordinates are relatively distorted.The estimated PGF errors in a rest atmosphere over the real complex topography are much smaller(even disappear at the middle and upper levels)in the GRAPES-Meso model using the SLEVE2 and COS coordinates than those using the Gal.C.S and SLEVE1 coordinates.The results of the real-data test cases conducted over a one-month period suggest that the three modified vertical coordinates(SLEVE1,SLEVE2,and COS coordinates)give better results than the traditional Gal.C.S coordinate in terms of forecasting bias and root mean square error,and forecasting anomaly correlation coefficients.In conclusion,the SLEVE2 coordinate is proved to be the best option for the GRAPES-Meso model.     

逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标在高分辨率GRAPES模式中的应用研究

高分辨率GRAPES模式如3 km模式对地形的识别程度更高,模式中各高度坐标面可识别的地形坡度也更大,地形作用带来的气压梯度力计算误差和平流输送误差更突出。平缓地形追随坐标可以通过多种方式衰减坐标面上的地形影响进而减小这些计算误差。选择一种逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标,基于GRAPES-3km模式进行理想试验和批量模拟试验。试验结果显示:逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标相对其他平缓地形追随坐标对地形重力波模拟更接近解析值;24 h滚动预报月连续模拟试验中逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标一定程度上能降低高层月平均的温度场、风场的模拟误差,月平均的降水评分也有所提高。逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标应用于GRAPES-3km模式有较好的模拟效果。      

Comparison and Analysis of Two Different Calculation Schemes of SLEVE- Hybrid Coordinate in GRAPES_MESO Model

The calculation scheme of the smoothed-level and hybrid (SLEVE-hybrid for short) coordinates in numerical forecasting model is not limited to one. It is divided into the semi-analytical scheme and the finite differential scheme in terms of the various differential methods of the coordinate deformation variables. Comparing the dynamic equation and the long-time batch simulation results of the two schemes, the present study draws the following conclusions. The first- order finite difference accuracy of the coordinate deformation variables in the finite differential scheme is theoretically lower than that in the semi-analytical scheme. The larger the vertical gradient of the layer thickness is, the larger the relative errors of the finite differential scheme are. The long-time batch simulation test in the GRAPES model dynamic core demonstrates that the bias of the temperature and the geopotential height in the semi-analytical scheme is smaller under the default layering, while the simulation difference of the two schemes is greatly reduced when the layering is more uniform.     

地形跟随坐标下的中尺度模式气压梯度力计算误差分析及其改进方案

地形跟随坐标系中水平气压梯度力的算法一直是困扰数值模式发展的关键问题之一。目前数值模式中使用的方法只能在天气尺度的模式中部分缓解气压梯度力的计算误差问题。在高分辨率中尺度模式中，随着地形坡度的进一步加大，气压梯度力的计算误差问题更加突出。作者通过理想场的计算分析了几种主要气压梯度力算法的误差，结果显示在中尺度模式分辨率下，计算的水平气压梯度力不但不收敛于真值，而且随着地形坡度的加大或模式分辨率的提高，计算误差逐渐增大。作者提出了基于静力方程订正的回插等压面改进方案，理想场的计算结果表明该方案的计算误差可显著减小，在典型中尺度模式参数的设置下计算精度可达10-6m/s2。其最大特点是随着模式分辨率的提高，该方案的计算误差将逐步收敛到零。     

武汉近百年来气温变化的多时间尺度分析

用墨西哥帽小波变换分析了武汉1905－1998年逐月气温资料，揭示了气候变化的多时间尺度结构，分析了其中存在的主要周期振荡和突变点。结果表明：武汉气候在20世纪主要经历了冷－暖－冷－暖4个阶段，目前处于相对暖期；气温存在准2年、21年和65年左右的周期振荡；不同时间尺度不具有不同的冷暖结构和气候突变点。     

湖北省短期温度预报的神经网络方法应用研究

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的５０ｈＰａ高度场、８５０ｈＰａ温度场,海平面气压场和地面报文资料,采用人工神经网络方法建立了湖北省７６个县（市）气象台站短期最高和最低温度的预报模型。经１９９９年９～１１月试验发现,该模型预报效果较好,特别是在气温较大的强冷空气爆发过程中的预报效果比一般线性预报方法更佳。     

1995年武汉区域中心MAPS与北京LAFS对湖北省汛期降水预报的Ts检验

对武汉区域中心ＭＡＰＳ模式和国家气象中心ＬＡＦＳ模式１９９５年汛期降水预报作的Ｔｓ检验，结果显示两个模式对湖北省汛期降水预报都有一定指导意义，就湖北省预报区域而言，ＭＡＰＳ模式比图象气象中心ＬＡＦＳ对汛期降水预报水平有了较大提高。