Comparison and Analysis of Two Different Calculation Schemes of SLEVE-Hybrid Coordinate in the GRAPES＿MESO Model

The calculation scheme of the smoothed-level and hybrid(SLEVE-hybrid for short) coordinates in numerical forecasting model is not limited in number. It is divided into the semi-analytical scheme and the finite differential scheme in terms of the various differential methods of the coordinate deformation variables. Having compared the dynamic equation and the long-time batch simulation results of the two schemes, the present study draws the following conclusions. The first-order finite difference accuracy of the coordinate deformation variables in the finite differential scheme is theoretically lower than that in the semi-analytical scheme. The larger the vertical gradient of the layer thickness is, the larger the relative errors of the finite differential scheme are. The long-time batch simulation test in the GRAPES model dynamic core demonstrates that the bias of the temperature and the geopotential height in the semianalytical scheme is smaller under the default layering, while the simulation difference of the two schemes is greatly reduced when the layering is more uniform.     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT PROCESS

In this paper,a numerical simulation of the geostrophic adjustment process with C-grid network is illustrated.A difference scheme which has the energy and potential vorticity conserving relation consistent with the differential equations is given,and the effect of some time difference schemes on dispersion of the gravity-inertia wave is discussed.An improved forward-backward time integration scheme is proposed for keeping the computational stability.The effect of various boundary conditions for a finite region model On the gravity-inertia wave is shown by some calculated results.     

Properties of High-Order Finite Difference Schemes and Idealized Numerical Testing

Construction of high-order difference schemes based on Taylor series expansion has long been a hot topic in computational mathematics, while its application in comprehensive weather models is still very rare. Here, the properties of high-order finite difference schemes are studied based on idealized numerical testing, for the purpose of their application in the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES) model. It is found that the pros and cons due to grid staggering choices diminish with higher-order schemes based on linearized analysis of the one-dimensional gravity wave equation. The improvement of higher-order difference schemes is still obvious for the mesh with smooth varied grid distance. The results of discontinuous square wave testing also exhibits the superiority of high-order schemes. For a model grid with severe non-uniformity and non-orthogonality, the advantage of high-order difference schemes is inapparent, as shown by the results of two-dimensional idealized advection tests under a terrain-following coordinate. In addition, the increase in computational expense caused by high-order schemes can be avoided by the precondition technique used in the GRAPES model. In general, a high-order finite difference scheme is a preferable choice for the tropical regional GRAPES model with a quasi-uniform and quasi-orthogonal grid mesh.     

WOFOST模型蒸散过程改进对玉米干旱模拟影响

分别利用优化蒸散计算（PM方案）、作物系数（CC方案）和二者同时优化（PMCC方案）改进WOFOST模型,基于降水适宜年（2012年）和干旱年（2015年和2018年）在辽宁省锦州开展的玉米分期（4月20日、4月30日和5月10日）播种试验资料评价模型改进效果。结果表明:2012年,PM方案可增大潜在蒸散,CC方案在作物系数小（大）于1时使潜在蒸散减小（增大）;3个方案对叶面积指数、地上生物量和土壤湿度模拟几乎不产生影响。2015年,PM方案的拔节后叶面积指数、地上生物量、产量和土壤湿度较原模型明显减小,蒸腾速率在喇叭口期之前增大,之后减小;CC方案在喇叭口期之前蒸腾速率小于原模型,之后大于原模型,其他4个变量略大于原模型。PMCC方案的各变量模拟值介于PM方案和CC方案之间,3个播期模拟精度叶面积指数分别提高6%,21%和3%,地上生物量分别提高8%,8%和14%,产量分别提高66%,63%和66%。2018年,PMCC方案前两播期地上生物量模拟精度分别提高5%和1%,产量模拟精度分别提高32%和5%。PMCC方案可改善模型在干旱条件下的模型性能。     

一个基于Eta垂直坐标的新WRF动力框架及其数值试验

针对我国陡峭地形数值预报难题,本文在国际先进WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式动力框架中引入阶梯地形垂直坐标,以期为改进复杂地形区域数值天气预报提供模式发展可选方案.设计气柱质量变换方法,实现阶梯地形和追随地形两种垂直坐标下动力方程组的形式一致,从而简化方程组离散及程序实现的...     

区域集合预报基于SKEB和多物理过程的混合模式扰动方法研究

为了研究随机动能后向散射(stochastic kinetic energy backscatter,SKEB)模式扰动方法在区域集合预报中的应用效果,基于WRF模式构建了集合预报系统,针对SKEB的扰动振幅进行了敏感性试验,以了解SKEB扰动的作用特征;发展了一种多物理过程组合(multi-physics,MPHY)与SKEB相结合的混合模式扰动方法(SKEB-MPHY),并对比了SKEB、MPHY以及SKEB-MPHY的预报效果,以探索区域集合预报的最优模式扰动实现方案。试验结果表明:SKEB方法通过固定的动能耗散率计算出流函数及温度扰动,从而对模式积分产生影响,且耗散率大小与预报离差正相关,垂直结构扰动不利于预报离差的发展。SKEB、MPHY以及SKEB-MPHY方法的对比试验表明,对于高空动力场预报离散度的增长,SKEB方法比MPHY方法占优,而低层温度预报离散度增长,MPHY比SKEB扰动方法占优,混合模式扰动方法的扰动增长能力在三种方案中表现最好。集合预报检验结果表明SKEB-MPHY方法评分优于单独的SKEB和MPHY方法。降水个例分析及降水评分结果表明与单独采用MPHY方法相比,引入SKEB方法可以对大雨预报有所改进。本文研究结果表明SKEB方法及在其基础上建立的混合模式扰动方法具有较好的应用前景。     

陆面过程参数化对太湖地区雷暴过程模拟的影响

以2010年8月发生在太湖地区的一次雷暴过程为例,利用WRF模式进行48 h的短期天气模拟,分析两个陆面参数化方案(Noah方案和RUC方案)对雷暴过程模拟的影响。对比模式结果与实况降水以及太湖地区两个站点的近地面要素表明:雷暴过程对陆面参数化方案的选取较为敏感,不同陆面参数化方案可影响雷暴发生的时间、地点及强度,两种方案的降水中心值差达40 mm以上,其中Noah方案所模拟的降水与实况更为接近。通过对两个方案模拟的物理量场的对比分析发现,RUC方案中对流发展滞后于Noah方案2 h;这表明陆面过程对雷暴等中尺度对流过程有显著的反馈作用,不同陆面参数化方案的使用影响雷暴发生的动力和热力作用,并改变雷暴的时空分布特征。陆面过程通过改变地面热通量输送影响边界层结构,使得水平和垂直方向上的风和温度等发生变化并产生辐合辐散,进而影响对流的启动时间和对流发展强度。由于对不同植被的参数化处理的差异,Noah方案对下垫面特征的描述能力优于RUC方案,尤其是对城市下垫面的处理,这也使得之后该方案模拟的雷暴发生时间更加接近于实况且雷暴过程更加强烈。     

显式云物理方案的研究进展

回顾了近年来显式云物理方案的研究进展。显式云方案主要有体积水方法和详细微物理方法(分档法)。体积水方法有单参数和双参数两种谱描述方法,根据模式预报变量和物理过程的不同,可以分为暖云方案、简单冰相方案和复杂冰相方案。详细的微物理方法由于预报变量繁多、计算量巨大而一般多应用于研究工作。不同的模式,有不同的显式云方案,并不是粒子分类越复杂模拟效果就越好,需要根据研究的重点、计算资源的许可选择使用不同的物理方案。物理过程参数化需要建立在理论和实验研究的基础上,因此应加强这方面的理论和实验研究,使物理参数化具有更坚实的物理基础。     

地转风适应过程的数值试验研究

本文用C—网格模拟了地转风适应过程,给出了能量及位涡守恒关系和微分方程相一致的一种差分格式,并讨论了时间差分对重力惯性波频散特性的影响。为了保持计算稳定性,提出了一种改进的向前向后时间积分方法。通过实例计算,说明了有限区域各种边界条件对重力惯性波传播的影响。     

实时天气背景依赖的反射率因子间接同化及多暴雨个例试验

为避免直接同化时反射率非线性观测算子线性化带来的线性近似误差问题,目前许多研究和业务中还常采用间接同化方式来同化雷达反射率因子,其通过背景场温度判定水凝物类型及比例。基于一种实时天气背景依赖的雷达反射率因子间接同化方案,进行了4次暴雨过程（2次强对流,2次锋面）的循环同化及预报试验。结果表明:对于强对流暴雨个例,相对于传统温度判定方案,天气背景依赖方案的温度预报误差更小、降水预报评分更高,而对于锋面过程区别不明显;进一步机理分析表明,对于强对流暴雨个例,由于背景依赖方案在同化反射率因子时引入了实时天气背景信息,使得分析场水凝物结构能够更好表征实际对流特征且与其它模式变量更为协调,进而改善了模式预报的热、动力及水汽条件,从而改善了降雨预报效果;而锋面暴雨由浅对流过程占主导,水凝物以低层的雨水为主导,冰相水凝物对于该过程的影响较小,由于两种方案反演的雨水结构和量级均相似,因此降雨预报差异较小。     

关于海面湍流通量参数化的两种方案试验

本文对海气间湍流通量计算的参数化进行了两个方案的试验。第一个是对气候模式ＣＣＭ３中的计算方案作了改进,用半解析的计算方法代替纯迭代的方法,减少了计算量而达到相同精度。第二个是用Ｂｒｕｔｓａｅｒｔ提出的廓线函数计算海面通量,达到了当前最精确模式相同的精度。这二种方案均可用于大气模式或用于由实测气象资料求通量。     

逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标在高分辨率GRAPES模式中的应用研究

高分辨率GRAPES模式如3 km模式对地形的识别程度更高,模式中各高度坐标面可识别的地形坡度也更大,地形作用带来的气压梯度力计算误差和平流输送误差更突出。平缓地形追随坐标可以通过多种方式衰减坐标面上的地形影响进而减小这些计算误差。选择一种逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标,基于GRAPES-3km模式进行理想试验和批量模拟试验。试验结果显示:逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标相对其他平缓地形追随坐标对地形重力波模拟更接近解析值;24 h滚动预报月连续模拟试验中逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标一定程度上能降低高层月平均的温度场、风场的模拟误差,月平均的降水评分也有所提高。逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标应用于GRAPES-3km模式有较好的模拟效果。      

The Uncertainty of Mesoscale Numerical Prediction of Heavy Rain in South China and the Ensemble Simulations?

In the context of non-hydrostatic MM5 version we have explored the impact of convective parameterization schemes on uncertainty in mesoscale numerical prediction of South China heavy rain and mesoscale heavy rainfall short-range ensemble simulation by using two kinds of physics perturbation methods through a heavy rain case occurring on June 8, 1998 in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The results show the physical process of impacts of convective schemes on heavy rainfall is that different latent heat of convective condensation produced by different convective schemes can make local temperature perturbation, leading to the difference of local vertical speed by the intrinsic dynamic and thermodynamic processes of atmosphere,and therefore, making difference of the timing, locations and strength of mesh scale and subgrid scale precipitation later. New precipitations become the new source of latent heat and temperature perturbation,which finally make the dynamic and thermodynamic structures different in the simulations. Two kinds of methods are used to construct different model version stochastically. The first one is using different convective parameterization and planetary boundary layer schemes, the second is adjusting different parameters of convective trigger functions in Grell scheme. The results indicate that the first ensemble simulations can provide more uncertainty information of location and strength of heavy rainfall than the second. The single determinate predictions of heavy rain are unstable; physics ensemble predictions can reflect the uncertainty of heavy rain, provide more useful guidance and have higher application value.Physics ensembles suggest that model errors should be taken into consideration in the heavy rainfall ensembles. Although the method of using different parameters in Grell scheme could not produce good results, how to construct the perturbation model or adjust the parameter in one scheme according to the physical meaning of the parameter still needs further investigation. The limitation of the current study is that it is based on a single case and more cases will be addressed in the future researches.     

一个压力坐标下的海洋环流模式

A new oceanic general circulation model in pressure coordinates is formulated. Since the bottom pressure changes with time, the vertical coordinate is actually a pressure-σ coordinate. The numerical solution of the model is based on an energy-conservation scheme of finite difference. The most important new feature of the model is that it is a truly compressible ocean model and it is free of the Boussinesq approxima tions. Thus, the new model is quite different from many existing models in the following ways: 1) the exact form of mass conservation, 2) the in-situ instantaneous pressure and the UNESCO equation of state to calculate density, 3) the in-situ density in the momentum equations, 4) finite difference schemes that conserve the total energy. Initial tests showed that the model code runs smoothly, and it is quite stable. The quasi-steady circulation patterns generated by the new model compare well with existing models, but the time evolution of the new model seems different from some existing models. Thus, the non-Boussinesq models may provide more accurate information for climate study and satellite observations.     

Applications of wavelet analysis in differential propagation phase shift data de-noising

Using numerical simulation data of the forward differential propagation shift （ΦDP） of polarimetric radar,the principle and performing steps of noise reduction by wavelet analysis are introduced in detail.Profiting from the multiscale analysis,various types of noises can be identified according to their characteristics in different scales,and suppressed in different resolutions by a penalty threshold strategy through which a fixed threshold value is applied,a default threshold strategy through which the threshold value is determined by the noise intensity,or a ΦDP penalty threshold strategy through which a special value is designed for ΦDP de-noising.Then,a hard-or soft-threshold function,depending on the de-noising purpose,is selected to reconstruct the signal.Combining the three noise suppression strategies and the two signal reconstruction functions,and without loss of generality,two schemes are presented to verify the de-noising effect by dbN wavelets：（1） the penalty threshold strategy with the soft threshold function scheme （PSS）; （2） the ΦDP penalty threshold strategy with the soft threshold function scheme （PPSS）.Furthermore,the wavelet de-noising is compared with the mean,median,Kalman,and finite impulse response （FIR） methods with simulation data and two actual cases.The results suggest that both of the two schemes perform well,especially when ΦDP data are simultaneously polluted by various scales and types of noises.A slight difference is that the PSS method can retain more detail,and the PPSS can smooth the signal more successfully.     

不同边界层参数化方案对台风“利奇马”模拟的影响研究

基于中尺度数值模式WRF,对比分析了六种大气边界层物理过程参数化方案(BouLac、MYJ、UW、YSU、ACM2、SH)对台风“利奇马”模拟结果的影响。结果表明,不同边界层方案对“利奇马”路径的模拟结果影响较小,但对其强度和结构演变的模拟结果影响显著。其中,局地闭合方案UW方案模拟的结果最强,局地闭合方案BouLac次之,而局地闭合方案MYJ和三种非局地闭合方案YSU、ACM2和SH的模拟强度都较弱。这些方案中,BouLac模拟的海平面最低气压与实况最为接近。通过对比这些边界层方案的模拟结果发现,由于台风强度的差异受到热力和动力的共同影响,边界层方案如模拟得到的地表潜热通量和边界层中湍流扩散系数较大,将导致较大的径向风和低层辐合,从而模拟得到较强的台风强度;反之,则台风强度较弱。      

不同微物理参数化方案对我国北方一次大范围暴雪天气过程的数值模拟研究

本文以ERA5（ECMWF Reanalysis v5）再分析资料为初始场,利用WRF（The Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对2020年4月19～20日的一次大范围暴雪天气过程进行数值模拟研究。模式采用不同云微物理参数化方案进行敏感性试验,并与实测数据（自动站降水数据、雷达基数据）进行对比,分析了此次暴雪天气过程不同阶段的降水、雷达反射率、动热力和水凝物的时空演变和三维细致结构特征。研究表明:Morrison方案更好的模拟出了本次暴雪天气过程,表现在模拟的雷达回波强度、范围及形态更与实况一致,模拟出的降水量的相关系数和均方根误差都优于其他方案;其微物理细致结构表现为强上升运动和低层正涡度的长时间维持,以及7 km以上高层较多的冰晶、中低层较少的霰粒子和雨水粒子。从热动力场上看,bin（SBM fast）方案在600 hPa高度以下存在明显的涡度波列,这主要是因为bin方案将粒子群分档处理,没有捆绑不同粒子类型运动,更能细致描述出不同粒子的下沉拖曳作用。从云微物理特征上看,不同方案模拟的雪、霰、云水以及雨水粒子的比质量都较为接近,而对冰晶比质量的模拟不管在量级还是在分布范围上都存在很大的差异,这种差异决定了不同微物理方案模拟的雷达回波和降水量级和相态的差异。     

不同陆面模式对我国地表温度模拟的适用性评估

基于CLDAS大气驱动数据驱动CLM3.5陆面模式和3种不同参数化方案下的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟得到的地表温度,利用中国气象局2009-2013年2000多个国家级地面观测站地表温度进行质量评估。结果表明:从时间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差均呈季节性波动;从空间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差在中国东部地区相对于中国西部地区更小。选择Noah-MP陆面模式3种不同参数化方案模拟结果进行对比,结果表明:Noah-MP模式的非动态植被方案不变时,考虑植被覆盖度的二流近似辐射传输方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于考虑太阳高度角和植被三维结构的二流近似辐射传输方案Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度;选择动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于选择非动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式;总体而言,考虑动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于其他两种参数化方案的Noah-MP陆面模式以及CLM3.5陆面模式模拟的地表温度。     

物理过程参数化方案对中尺度暴雨数值模拟影响的研究

利用中尺度非静力MM 5模式和中国 2 0 0 1年 8月的 4个暴雨个例 ,研究了非绝热物理过程对中国暴雨动力和热力场预报的影响 ,深入分析了对流参数化方案在中尺度暴雨预报中的作用 ,讨论了利用模式扰动方法开展中国暴雨集合预报的可行性。结果表明 ,在短期数值预报中 ,非绝热物理过程对高度场预报影响较小 ,但边界层方案和对流参数化方案对产生暴雨的 3个基本条件即水汽通量散度、垂直速度、不稳定层结的影响很明显。不同对流参数化方案所预报的中尺度热力、动力场离差的结构特征与所预报降水的离差特征相似 ,且主要是在模式积分初期迅速增加 ,其后即趋于稳定。对中国热力场较均匀的暴雨过程 ,可以通过扰动模式的边界层和对流参数化方案 ,构造集合预报模式     

宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程边界层方案的敏感性试验

利用中尺度数值模式WRF选取3种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYJ和ACM2）对2018年8月20日和2019年8月2日宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程进行敏感性试验,对比分析不同边界层参数化方案对暴雨过程模拟的影响。结果表明：YSU和MYJ方案对暴雨的预报性能均较优,ACM2方案对强降水的空报率较大;YSU方案对逐时中等强度降水的模拟效果更优。YSU方案对低涡系统的移动路径和中心强度模拟效果最好。相比ACM2方案,YSU和MYJ方案对环境场物理量和边界层内水汽混合比的模拟更接近实况,并且YSU方案能准确地反映边界层内位温分布特征。YSU与ACM2方案的湍流混合强度更强,后者维持较强湍流的时间更长。总体上,YSU方案对宁夏低涡暴雨过程的模拟效果最优。