R·Zartman教授与“铅构造”模式

美国地质调查所同位素地质分部主任R·Zartman教授于8月5日至23日来华访问,并去南京方山与安徽汝山地区进行了新生代玄武岩及深源包体的野外地质考察。他十分感兴趣于郯卢断裂与火山作用的关系。在中国科学院地化所访问期间作了题为“应用铅构造模式说明动力地球中的Pb、Sr、Nd同位素演化”和“锆石U-Pb年龄测定中的某些复杂问题”的学术报告。长期以来Zartman一直从事于铅同位素和U-Pb年代学研究,积累了丰富的数据资料。根据Pb同位素资料,他与Doe教授一起提出了美国中西部地区三个重要成矿带的划分。即内陆地盾区、冒地槽区与俯冲带区。为了能使铅同位素资料广泛地为国内外科学家所     

Discovery of the copper deposits with features of the Keweenawan type in the border area of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces

There existed intense Cu anomaly on the northeastern side of the geochemical boundary with NW strike in the border area between the Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Through field observation, ore bodies of high-grade native coppers have been found. The copper mineralization was constrained by the ancient volcanic vents of Permian basalt eruption and the overlain strata of carbonaceous argillites. Native coppers with flaky, net veined and impregnated occurrences, fine-grained tenorites and massive chalcocites widely occur in volcanic breccias, tuffs, carbonaceous-siliceous argillites and siliceous bitumen rocks with bed thickness of about 15-80 m. Cu contents vary from 0.5% to 20%. The copper mineralization was tightly related to actinolite-tremolitization, zeolitization and bituminization and involved in extensive reduction environments. Continental flood basalts erupted in mantle plume environments usually have high Cu concentrations (～170 ×10-6 in the Emeishan basalts), which provided a copper source of mineralization. Thus, metallogenesis of the native copper deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou border area is tightly associated with intensive crust-mantle and organic-inorganic interactions. The tremolitization and chalcocitization indicate that the metallogenic temperatures are in a range of 400-100℃. The geologic background and characteristics of ore and alteration for the native copper deposits in this area are somewhat similar to those of the Keweenawan native copper deposit in Michigan, USA.     

东秦岭北部富碱侵入岩带岩石地球化学特征及构造意义

在东秦岭北部,富碱侵入岩的侵位与空间分布受同一个区域构造带(华北陆块南缘)控制,构成一个区域性的富碱岩浆岩带。根据岩石学和岩石化学研究,岩石类型主要分为碱性正长岩、碱性花岗岩和石英正长岩三大类。富碱岩浆岩带自北而南可以划分为3个亚带:北部碱性正长岩亚带,中部碱性花岗岩亚带,南部石英正长岩亚带。3个亚带富碱岩浆在化学成分方面虽有差异,但都具有富碱高钾特征,ALK=9～15,ω(K_2O)为5％～15％,ω(K_2O)/ω(Na_2O)=1.26～8.30。岩石中的暗色矿物辉石类主要为霓辉石和霓石,角闪石类主要为钙质浅闪石、阳起石质闪石、镁质角闪石、钠钙质绿闪石,黑云母类主要为铁云母和金云母。岩石中的长石类主要为K-Na系列富K端员的微斜长石和最大微斜长石,少量钠长石,极少Na-Ca系列的斜长石。霞石类主要为钾霞石和钙霞石。根据岩石地球化学研究,有以下显示:(1)REE总量200～1100μg/g,LREE/HREE比值4～15,δEu表现为无Eu异常或轻微正负Eu异常,(La/Yb)_n值多为10～30;(2)部分岩石类型富集大离子亲石元素,不相容元素分布模式曲线总斜率为负,Ba,Nb,Zr具明显负异常,表明他们具有大陆裂谷碱性花岗岩的特征;(3)岩石Nd、Sr和Pb同位素的研究表明,富碱侵入体的源区应是以下地壳为主,带入少量地幔和上地壳物质。     

地球化学急变带与地幔柱资源系统

地幔柱产生大面积软流圈上涌，沿深断裂形成岩浆房，导致大规模溢流玄武岩裂隙式喷发。良好的地幔柱成矿系统常出现在岩石圈不连续界面和三叉拼接裂谷，表现为地球化学急变带。地幔柱资源系统包括以下几方面：(1)地幔柱岩浆分异成矿系统，从封闭到开放环境的岩浆分异形成了富钛、富镁和低钛三个岩浆端员，构成了Cu—Ni(PGE)硫化物、Fe—Ti—V氧化物和Cu—Ag自然金属三个成矿体系；(2)地幔柱同生火山热液成矿系统，包括赤铁矿—阳起石—硅化氧化铜，沥青化—绿泥石—浊沸石化自然铜和碳酸盐化硫化物三个成矿体系；(3)地幔柱同构造盆地油气系统，巨量岩浆的快速成溢流导致地壳的快速沉降，形成同构造热盆地，具有油气前景；(4)地幔柱火山岩、硅质岩和富有机质砂页岩组合为优势生态体系提供了地质环境。     

Application of Lead Isotopes to Geochemical Exploration of Gold Deposits in Baoban , Hainan Province, China

Lead isotopes have been widely applied in geochemical exploration and evaluation of ore deposits, as well as in ascertaining the age of mineralization and the source of ore fluids.Long-term practice showed that the method of lead isotope targeting is somewhat efficient for macroscopic evaluation of forecasting areas, but not powerful enough for for ecasting concealed orebodies. As the contents of U and the variation of U/Pb ratio sharply decrease with depth in the lithosphere, U-Th-Pb isotopic differentiation must have occurred during the crust-mantle e-volution. Lead isotopic ratios show a wide variation range, varying in the front of mineralizationand shallow-derived ores, but maintaining very stable in the major orebody and being usuallyclose to the average isotopic composition of the crust and mantle of the continent block fromwhich the ores were derived. Therefore, the lead isotopic composition can serve as a measure for identifying the position of mineralization. The lead isotope geochemistry was applied to the ex-ploration and evaluation of the Baoban gold deposits of Hainan Province, China. The an alyticalresults of ore veins and adjacent rocks showed that there is a correlation between the lead isotopedata and the position of orebody. Based on the experience from the Baoban gold deposits and other ore deposits in Yunnan Province, an exploration principle has been established, that is,positive anomalies of lead isotope eigenvectors for prospecting deep-seated orebodies and nega-tive anomalies of eigenvectors for enlarging lateral exploration surrounding the known deposit.The ore beds in the Erjia and Beiniu mining districts should be as signed to the deep part of the orebody and those in the Tuwaishan mining district should be the shallow part, so ore beds cor-responding to those in the Erjia and Beiniu mining districts may be found in the Tuwaishan min-ing district.     

大陆溢流玄武岩成矿体系与基韦诺（Keweenaw）型铜矿床

美洲基韦诺裂谷与峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩是全球仅有的两个具完整成矿体系的暗色岩系。基韦诺裂谷位于三个不同块体的拼接住上，周边存在明显的岩石圈结构不连续界面。滇黔边界大规模的自然铜矿化与超大型基韦诺铜矿(储量5000万吨)有很大的相似性。年代学与地球化学资料表明成矿往往只与玄武岩喷发结束拖尾阶段的岩浆分异有关。高孔隙度的火山角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩、砾岩与砂岩提供了热液活动和铜沉淀空间。Fe^2 向Fe^3 转化和有机质存在为自然铜形成提供了还原条件。地质和地球化学证据均支持同生热液成矿的观点。     

北秦岭构造属性与元古代构造演化

秦岭前寒武纪地质、地球化学和年代学证据表明,北秦岭具有明显高的初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征,区别于明显低初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征的华北陆块和扬子块体群.北秦岭与南秦岭具有明显不同的前寒武纪构造与演化特征.北秦岭是2 000 Ma左右形成于华北陆块南侧洋岛基础上的独立陆块,经历2 200～1 800 Ma和1 400～900 Ma分别以垂向加积增生和侧向加积增生为主要机制的地壳生长.北秦岭在早元古代洋盆演化基础上,首次于1 600 Ma左右拼接于华北陆块南缘,1 300～1 000 Ma发生扩张裂解,出现宽坪裂谷-洋盆构造环境,100 Ma左右再次拼贴于华北陆块南缘.同时,北秦岭南侧可能发生与南秦岭陆块群中的陡岭微陆块的拼接.     

地球化学急变带急转弯变化与深部构造效应

地球化学急变带代表地球化学边界,反映深部不同块体的接触边界的化学组成差异.在地球化学急变带沿古大陆边缘展布的局部区域,往往不象地表构造呈近直线型延伸,而是表现为急转弯的弧状、岛状变化延伸,与深部构造边缘的分布密切相关.在华北古大陆南部边缘的洛南-栾川-方城一带,由于莫霍面的近EW向凹陷,形成幔向斜,其轴向控制地球化学急变带的转弯变化;在郑州至南阳一线,地球物理资料显示,存在近SN向的超壳断裂,切断EW向展布的地球化学急变带.由此说明,地球化学急变带的急转弯变化,是受古大陆边缘的结晶基底、深大断裂或隐性构造面的作用形成.大型矿床往往集中在地球化学急变带急转弯的特定部位,即深部不同方向的构造线交切区.     

东秦岭内生金属成矿系统与成矿组合

根据东秦岭不同构造发展阶段的沉积建造和岩石组合,划分成矿系统与成矿组合如下:(1)前长城纪陆核活动性边缘沉积成矿系统:舞阳铁成矿组合,小秦岭金成矿组合;(2)中、新元古代被动大陆边缘成矿系统:熊耳山铜铅锌成矿组合,神洞沟喷流沉积锰铅成矿组合,维摩寺铅锌成矿组合;(3)早加里东期构造体制转换期成矿系统:刘山崖铜锌成矿组合,围山城金银成矿组合,秋树湾斑岩铜钼成矿组合;(4)古生代活动大陆边缘成矿系统:公馆汞锑成矿组合,银洞子银铅、大西沟菱铁矿-重晶石成矿组合;(5)中生代陆内碰撞造山成矿系统:燕山期中酸性小岩体钼钨铅锌金银成矿组合,改造热液型金银铅锑成矿组合.     

我国东北新生代富钾火山岩省及其对地幔源区和EMI端员成因的制约

我国东北富钾火山岩省由近70座火山,6000多平方公里以熔岩为主的火山岩组成.岩省至少有六种岩石类型:马鞍山一种岩石类型,五大连池火山群一种岩石类型,科洛火山群三种岩石类型(独有一种岩石,一种与五大连池火山群相同,一种与逊克火山群相同),诺敏河和甘河火山群两种岩石类型,逊克火山群一种岩石类型.日本著名的火山学家Ogura首先于1936年研究了五大连池,并命名了石龙岩.