Modeling N_2O Emissions from Agricultural Fields in Southeast China

l.Intr0ductionWiththedevelopmentofeconomy,theenvironmentalproblemsarebec0mingincreasinglyserious.Am0ngthem,theenhancementofgreenh0useeffectsandglobalwarm-ingaretwoimPOrtantonesthathavear0usedwideattention.Nitrousoxide(N,O)isanim-POrtantgreenhousegasandplayingagreatroleinthesetwoprocesses.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,theatmosphericN2Oconcentrationhasincreasedbyaboutl5%(IPCC,l995).Inthelast4Oyears,itincreasedrapidlyatarateof0.2%ro.3%yr-'(IPCC,l99O).Ifitin-creasesatthisrate,theatmospheri…     

川中丘陵水旱轮作土壤—小麦系统CO2排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱／气相色谱法对川中丘陵区水旱轮作区的小麦进行全生长季CO2排放观测。结果表明：①土壤-小麦系统的CO2排放通量存在着明显的日变化。凌晨 4：00～6：00排放量最低，随着温度的升高，CO2的排放量逐渐增大，在午后 1：00～3：00达到峰值。分析表明，气温和地表温度与土壤-小麦系统CO2排放通量之间存在显著的相关关系。②土壤-小麦系统CO2排放都有明显的季节变化。分析表明，小麦生物量和气温与土壤-小麦系统CO2排放季节变化之间存在显著的相关关系。③在小麦各个生育期中，CO2平均排放通量常规处理＞无氮处理＞空白＞裸地。水旱轮作区小麦常规处理、无氮处理、空白点和裸地的CO2排放通量的平均值分别为574．51、362．23、 239．91、129．47 m g／（ m 2· h）。     

温室气体的源与汇

介绍了温室效应和温室气体的概念,阐述了当前6种主要温室气体（CO2、CH4、N2O、HFCsPFCs、SF6）及其源和汇。尽管目前后3种气体特别是PFCs和SF6在大气中的浓度很低,但它们有很高的增温潜势,在大气中寿命相当长,来自人类活动的排放必将造成它们在大气中不可逆的增长需要引起足够的重视。     

北京大气中可形成气溶胶的有机物——现状及变化规律的初步研究

北京大气中可形成气溶胶的有机污染物增加迅速,并有明显的季节变化、日变化和空间变化。其中含量最高增长也最快的是BTXE,1995～1998年增长率为20%/a,1998～1999年增长率突增为128%/a,但CFCs增长速率有所减慢。BTXE冬季出现峰值,夏季出现谷值,峰值比谷值高3～5倍;CFCs夏季出现明显峰值,但变化幅度比BTXE相对小。晴风天气与阴雾天气有相反的日变化形式,阴雾天大气的BTXE含量比晴风天的高2～3倍。北京城乡结合部的三、四环路地区污染物含量最高,天安门、中关村和石景山区大气污染程度相近。     

大气CO2浓度升高和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的影响

随着大气CO2浓度的逐渐升高,CO2的施肥效应很可能对陆地生态系统的N2O地气交换过程产生一定的影响。在江苏北部的中国稻麦轮作FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) 实验平台上,采用静态箱暗箱-色谱法,研究了一个稻麦轮作周期（2005年6月中旬至2006年6月中旬）3种小麦秸秆还田水平处理(全还田、半还田和不还田)和CO2浓度升高200 μmol·mol-1对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,就当地传统农田管理方式下的砂性土壤稻麦轮作农田N2O排放而言,所采用的观测方法未能检测到显著的秸秆还田效应和大气CO2浓度升高效应。     

川中丘陵区人工桤柏混交林根呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献

采用挖壕沟法和根系生物量外推法对桤柏混交林地根呼吸在土壤总呼吸的贡献进行了为期1 a的对比研究。研究表明,两种方法测得的根呼吸平均速率分别为0.64μmol CO2/（m^2.s）和0.54μmol CO2/（m^2.s）,挖壕沟法高于根系生物量外推法的测定结果。两种方法计算的根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例具有明显的季节变化,均表现为夏季（5～6月）较高而冬季（1～2月）较低,变化范围分别为13%～51%、11%～56%,平均分别为34%和31%;林木生长季节根呼吸比例均高于非生长季,两种方法测定的林木生长季根呼吸比例分别为41%和38%。方差分析表明两种方法测定根呼吸比例之间差异不显著（p〉0.05）。     

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Three Paddy Rice Based Cultivation Systems in Southwest China

To understand methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanently flooded rice paddy fields and to develop mitigation options, a field experiment was conducted in situ for two years (from late 2002 to early 2005) in three rice-based cultivation systems, which are a permanently flooded rice field cultivated with a single time and followed by a non-rice season (PF), a rice-wheat rotation system (RW) and a rice-rapeseed rotation system (RR) in a hilly area in Southwest China. The results showed that the total CH4 emissions from PF were 646.3±52.1 and 215.0±45.4 kg CH4 hm-2 during the rice-growing period and non-rice period, respectively. Both values were much lower than many previous reports from similar regions in Southwest China. The CH4 emissions in the rice-growing season were more intensive in PF, as compared to RW and RR. Only 33% of the total annual CH4 emission in PF occurred in the non-rice season, though the duration of this season is two times longer than the rice season. The annual mean N2O flux in PF was 4.5±0.6 kg N2O hm-2 yr-1. The N2O emission in the rice-growing season was also more intensive than in the non-rice season, with only 16% of the total annual emission occurring in the non-rice season. The amounts of N2O emission in PF were ignorable compared to the CH4 emission in terms of the global warming potential (GWP). Changing PF to RW or RR not only eliminated CH4 emissions in the non-rice season, but also substantially reduced the CH4 emission during the following rice-growing period (ca. 58%, P<0.05). However, this change in cultivation system substantially increased N2O emissions, especially in the non-rice season, by a factor of 3.7 to 4.5. On the 100-year horizon, the integrated GWP of total annual CH4 and N2O emissions satisfies PF>>RR≈RW. The GWP of PF is higher than that of RW and RR by a factor of 2.6 and 2.7, respectively. Of the total GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions, CH4 emission contributed to 93%, 65% and 59% in PF, RW and RR, respectively. These results suggest that changing PF to RW and RR can substantially reduce not only CH4 emission but also the total GWP of the CH4 and N2O emissions.     

华东稻田CH4和N2O排放

稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化规律完全不同，两者的排放通量随土壤水分条件变化而互为消长，但它们的日变化形式则比较一致。晴天时的CH4和N2O排放日变化规律明显，主要表现为下午单峰模态，有时CH4排放夜间出现一个次峰。CH4和N2O排放总量因肥料类型而不同，堆肥加尿素处理比NH4HCO3处理少排放N2O 30%，多排放CH4 12%。     

华东地区稻麦轮作农田生态系统N2O5排放的模拟研究

利用ＤＮＤＣ（ＤｅＮｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ＤｅＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ）模式,对华东地区典型稻麦轮作农田生态系统的Ｎ２Ｏ排放特征进行了模拟研究。结果表明：该模式能模拟出轮作周期中Ｎ２Ｏ的主要排放峰值和排放趋势,但与实测值相比,模拟结果普遍有些偏小。相对而言,该模式对旱地阶段的模拟结果比较理想,尤其是对春季小麦返青至成熟期的模拟最好。因此,我们就该阶段影响Ｎ２Ｏ排放的主要因子进行了敏感性研     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物-水界面氮迁移特征初步研究

用乙炔为抑制剂,气相色谱法测定了１９９７年夏季太湖梅梁湾口沉积物－水界面的反硝化率和Ｎ２Ｏ的自然排放率,太湖梅梁湾沉积物的反硝化率为１．４－５．６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,Ｎ２Ｏ的复原斐和率为０．０８－０．６６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,探讨了沉积物－水界面ＮＯ＾－３的交换动态。指出沉积物内硝化－反硝化作用是太湖湖泊生态系统氮循环过程中一个重要的环节。在湖泊水土界面氮交换中,沉积物是具有吸收