桑沟湾养殖生态系统微食物环对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)碳需求的贡献

采用海域大规模调查和模拟现场流水法测定了桑沟湾海域微食物环主要组分生物(微微型浮游生物、微型鞭毛虫和纤毛虫)在桑沟湾的季节分布和对长牡蛎食物来源的贡献。对桑沟湾海域浮游生物现存量的调查结果显示:微食物环生物丰度和生物量以冬季最低(P0.05)。微食物环组成生物的生物量以微型鞭毛虫最大,占51.69%(无色素体微型鞭毛虫HNF贡献37.31%,有色素体微型鞭毛虫PNF贡献14.38%),其次是异养细菌(39.03%),纤毛虫和微微型真核浮游生物贡献较小,分别为2.31%和0.66%。使用模拟现场流水法,测定了长牡蛎对浮游生物的摄食,其清滤率变化范围为0.26—3.50L/(g·h),随着粒径的增大,长牡蛎对浮游生物的清滤率增加。长牡蛎对不同浮游生物的清滤率由大到小依次为:2μm以上有色素体浮游生物纤毛虫2μm以下有色素体浮游生物无色素体微型鞭毛虫异养细菌,长牡蛎对2μm以上有色素体浮游生物碳截留最大(289.20±62.36μg/(g·h)),其次是无色素体微型鞭毛虫,异养细菌和纤毛虫。传统的对于贝类食物来源的测定忽略了异养细菌、HNF以及纤毛虫,对微食物环框架的研究得出三种生物对长牡蛎的碳贡献为1563.58μg/(g·d)(17.94%),指示原生动物(异养鞭毛虫和纤毛虫)在长牡蛎的食谱组成中的地位不可忽视。异养细菌除了参与微食物环,还能被长牡蛎直接或者间接的摄食,成为长牡蛎的食物来源之一。本文结果为长牡蛎的养殖容量评估和微食物环生物对养殖生态系统的贡献分析提供了重要的数据支撑。     

双齿围沙蚕对潮汐更替的行为响应

潮汐更替对潮间带生物的生理和行为影响显著,底内动物可以通过行为过程建立适宜的微环境适应潮间带环境变化。本实验运用行为学观测装置研究了双齿围沙蚕对潮汐更替的行为响应特征。实验设置3个温度梯度（15℃、20℃和25℃）和4个时间段（T1: 退潮前、T2: 退潮后、T3: 涨潮30 min内和T4: 涨潮30 min后）,每个处理组设6个重复。结果显示,在同一时间段内,随着温度的升高,双齿围沙蚕的径向起伏频率、径向起伏泵水速率、轴向爬行速度和头尾对调次数呈增大的趋势,头尾对调一次的时间逐渐缩短。同一温度下,双齿围沙蚕在T3时间段内的径向起伏频率、轴向爬行速度、径向起伏泵水速率、径向起伏泵水效率、轴向爬行时间和头尾对调次数均高于其他时间段,头尾对调一次的时间均有短于其他时间段的趋势;T1和T4时间段内的所有运动指标均无显著差异（p>0.05）。20℃时,双齿围沙蚕在T3时间段比T1时间段的径向起伏频率和泵水速率的增幅均高于15℃和25℃时。同一时间段内,双齿围沙蚕径向起伏时间的最大值和轴向爬行时间的最小值均出现在20℃。15℃和20℃时,双齿围沙蚕在T1和T3时间段内的轴向爬行速度均无显著差异（p>0.05）。但是在25℃时,T3时间段内双齿围沙蚕的轴向爬行速度显著高于T1时间段（p<0.05）。结果表明,双齿围沙蚕的运动强度随温度升高而增强,在水温为20℃时,其在沉积物中的运动状态较佳。退潮后双齿围沙蚕轴向爬行运动较为缓慢;刚涨潮时,双齿围沙蚕的运动强度显著增加;涨潮30 min后,双齿围沙蚕的运动逐渐恢复到与退潮前相近的状态。双齿围沙蚕可以通过一系列运动行为应对潮汐更替产生的不利条件。     

The potential of ocean acidification on suppressing larval development in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and blood cockle Area inflata Reeve

We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) and blood cockle(Arca inflata Reeve).The larvae were reared at pH 8.2(control),7.9,7.6,or 7.3beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization.Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species.Compared with the control,larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3.Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3.However,when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization,shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3.Thus,the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions.Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves.Although the effects appear subtle,they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development.     

Effects of salinity, light and temperature on growth rates of two species of Gracilaria （Rhodophyta）

Effects of temperature, salinity and light intensity on growth rates of Gracilaria lichenoides and G. tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia were tested. Eight to ten levels of each factor were first tested separately. The best growth rate was obtained under the conditions of 32°C, 30 and 240 μmol/(m²·s) for G. lichenoides, and 24°C, 20 and 200 μmol/(m²·s) for G. tenuistipitata, respectively. Then a uniform design was used to evaluate the optimal combinations of the three factors. The best conditions for the highest daily specific growth rates (% increase in wet weight) are determined to be 31.30°C, 32.10, and 287.23 μmol/(m²·s) for G. lichenoides (16.26%/d), and 25.38°C, 21.10, and 229.07 μmol/(m²·s) for G. tenuistipitata (14.83%/d), respectively. Supported by the 908 Special Program (908-02-04-07), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2006CB400608), and K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University     

Effects of salinity, light and temperature on growth rates of two species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta)

Effects of temperature, salinity and light intensity on growth rates of Gracilaria lichenoides and G tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia were tested. Eight to ten levels of each factor were first tested separately. The best growth rate was obtained under the conditions of 32～C, 30 and 240 μmol/(m2·s) for G. lichenoides, and 24℃, 20 and 200 μmol/(m2.s) for G. tenuistipitata, respectively. Then a uniform design was used to evaluate the optimal combinations of the three factors. The best conditions for the highest daily specific growth rates (% increase in wet weight) are determined to be 31.30℃, 32.10, and 287.23 μmol/(m2·s) for G. lichenoides (16.26%/d), and 25.38℃, 21.10, and 229.07 μmol/(m2·s) for G. tenuistipitata (14.83%/d), respectively.     

长牡蛎和紫贻贝对浒苔微观繁殖体生物控制的可行性研究

近年来我国绿潮灾害频发,滤食性贝类对浒苔的生物防控是潜在的防控策略之一。本研究基于实验室内可控实验,探究了长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)和紫贻贝(Mytilusedulis)对浒苔微观繁殖体的滤食作用,并在江苏如东紫菜养殖区进行了长牡蛎和紫贻贝离底式平挂养殖试验。室内滤除实验结果表明,牡蛎和贻贝均可有效截留浒苔微观繁殖体,平均截留速率分别为6892和1589ind/(ind·h),部分被截留的颗粒失去萌发活性,有效滤除速率为3980和574ind/(ind·h)。现场养殖实验结果表明,长牡蛎和紫贻贝可在紫菜养殖区生长存活,每天约能滤除水体中63.7万个浒苔微观繁殖体。研究证实了两种贝类对微观繁殖体的有效滤除能力及江苏浅滩进行牡蛎和贻贝养殖的可行性。养殖方式的进一步的优化改进,以及研究江苏浅滩其他滩涂贝类对浒苔的防控潜力,还需进一步深入开展。     

中国浅海贝藻养殖对海洋碳循环的贡献

中国是浅海贝藻养殖的第一大国,年产量超过1 000万t。根据贝藻养殖产量、贝藻体内碳元素的含量及其贝类能量收支,推算出2002年中国海水养殖的贝类和藻类使浅海生态系统的碳可达300多万t,并通过收获从海中移出至少120万t的碳。该结果不仅为探讨全球“遗漏的碳汇”问题提供了一个新的线索,同时也证明了浅海的贝类和藻类养殖活动直接或间接地使用了大量的海洋碳,提高了浅海生态系统吸收大气CO2的能力。另外,贝藻的养殖活动与浅海生态系统的碳循环之间关系复杂,相互作用明显,因此,它的生物地球化学过程是一个值得深入研究的科学问题。     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同季节滤水率和同化率的比较

于１９９３年９月和１９９３年１１月在山东省荣成市桑沟湾用半现场法对该湾养殖之栉孔扇贝的滤水率和同化率进行了测定。结果表明：（１）栉孔扇贝的滤水率秋季（９月）明显地高于冬季（１１月）。（２）在同一密度下，单个个体的滤水率随着个体的增大而增大，而单位重量的滤水率随着个体的增大而减小；同一规格的个体，其单个个体和单位重量的滤水率均随着密度的增大而减小。（３）栉孔扇贝的同化率在秋、冬两季无明显差异。（４）     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the development of the amphipod crustacean Eogammarus sinensis

The amphipod crustacean Eogammarus sinensis has useful features that make it suitable for use in the aquaculture of fish and large decapod crustaceans.In this study,we investigated the effects of temperature and salinity on the development,fecundity,survival,and growth rate of E.sinensis.The results show that temperature significantly affected E.sinensis development,but salinity.As temperature increased,the duration of E.sinensis embryonic development decreased.Fecundity was affected significantly by temperature and the combination of temperature and salinity,but by salinity alone.In addition,high temperatures accelerated E.sinensis juvenile growth rates,whereas high salinity reduced it.Therefore,our data suggest that E.sinensis tolerates a wide range of salinities and that temperature has more significant effects than salinity on the embryonic development,fecundity,and growth of E.sinensis.Our results shall be useful for mass production of this species for use in aquaculture.     

Variations in retention efficiency of bivalves to different concentrations and organic content of suspended particles

Retention efficiencies (RE) of scallop (Chlamys farreri),oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and mussel (Mytilus edulis) in a flow-through system were measured to understand the short-term response to various particle and organic matter concentrations.By comparing the RE of C.farreri with that of C.gigas and M.edulis,we gained further knowledge on the feeding physiological characteristics of C.farreri and ascertained the possible cause of high summer mortalities of this species.The experimental feeding conditions in...