近10年来中国耕地资源的时空变化分析

根据中国资源环境数据库中的耕地数据以及20世纪80年代末期、1995年和2000年3期覆盖全国时间跨度约为10年的遥感数据,对中国耕地时空变化进行分析。总趋势表明,近10年来我国耕地资源总量有所增加;东部及沿海地区优质耕地迅速减少;东北地区和内蒙古自治区耕地大量开垦;水田旱地转换明显。利用GIS方法将耕地变化数据与中国生态环境质量数据进行叠加,表明近10年来耕地的生态环境质量下降了。近10年耕地动态变化的空间分布表现出13种动态格局。对80年代末至1995年 (前5年) 和1995年至2000年 (后5年) 这2个时间段内的耕地变化进行对比分析,表明了前5年与后5年耕地变化的动态格局有空间上的相似性,但前后变化幅度相差较明显。近10年来气温的升高与中国水田北移有较好的一致性,而降水的减少对西北地区耕地的撂荒和开垦有明显作用。中国经济的发展所导致的城市化过程使得大量耕地被占用。近10年来相关的耕地政策对控制耕地面积的减少有作用,但耕地的总体质量却下降了,这直接影响了粮食产量。     

近10年来中国农村居民点用地时空特征

利用20世纪90年代中国1:10万土地利用动态变化数据,利用单元自动机和人工神经网络模型对中国农村居民点用地进行了区划。在此基础上,研究了90年代中国农村居民点用地动态变化时空格局。研究表明,农村居民点用地受区域位置、经济发展和国家政策的影响。90年代前5年,受沿海开放政策和经济高速发展的影响,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和华北平原农村居民点用地扩展较快,中西部地区农村居民点用地扩展较慢;90年代后5年,在沿海地区经济发展速度放慢和国家实施耕地资源保护条例的情况下,沿海地区农村居民点用地扩张受到抑制,西部地区扩展加快。90年代中国经济体制处于由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,农村居民点用地的动态变化格局受到经济发展和土地利用政策的深刻影响。     

北京地区土地利用/覆被及其变化对气温升温的影响分析

利用北京地区13个气象台站1979～2005年的气温资料、NCEP再分析资料以及1990～2005年的三期1：10万土地利用/覆被数据,在分析气象站点3 km半径缓冲区内土地利用/覆被及变化特征的基础上,通过比较气温变化在不同下垫面状况下的差异,分析了北京地区3种主要土地利用/覆被类型对气温变化趋势的影响,得出以下结论：1）建设用地对气温升高的影响最显著（0.822°C/10 a）,林地、草地、耕地混合类型次之（0.296°C/10 a）,林地最小（0.197°C/10 a）;2）利用“观测减去再分析（OMR）”方法后,建设用地的OMR年均温升温趋势依然最大（0.527°C/10 a）,林地、草地、耕地混合类型次之（-0.012°C/10 a）,林地最小（-0.118°C/10 a）,表明建设用地对气温升高具有增强作用,而林地对气温升高具有抑制作用;3）当土地利用/覆被类型向城市建设用地类型转化时,转化的面积越大,气温变化量越大。     

基于小波分析的江河源区汛期和枯水期径流特征(英文)

By decomposing and reconstructing the runoff information from 1965 to 2007 of the hydrologic stations of Tuotuo River and Zhimenda in the source region of the Yangtze River, and Jimai and Tangnaihai in the source region of the Yellow River with db3 wavelet, runoff of different hydrologic stations tends to be declining in the seasons of spring flood, summer flood and dry ones except for that in Tuotuo River. The declining flood/dry seasons series was summer > spring > dry; while runoff of Tuotuo River was always increasing in different stages from 1965 to 2007 with a higher increase rate in summer flood seasons than that in spring ones. Complex Morlet wavelet was selected to detect runoff periodicity of the four hydrologic stations mentioned above. Over all seasons the periodicity was 11-12 years in the source region of the Yellow River. For the source region of the Yangtze River the periodicity was 4-6 years in the spring flood seasons and 13-14 years in the summer flood seasons. The differences of variations of flow periodicity between the upper catchment areas of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River and between seasons were considered in relation to glacial melt and annual snowfall and rainfall as providers of water for runoff.     

一种土壤属性制图的曲面建模方法(英文)

High accuracy surface modeling(HASM) is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation.In this paper,we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation(HASM-SP) to improve the accuracy.Based on soil types,land use types and parent rocks,HASM-SP was applied to interpolate soil available P,Li,pH,alkali-hydrolyzable N,total K and Cr in a typical red soil hilly region.To evaluate the performance of HASM-SP,we compared its performance with that of ordinary kriging(OK),ordinary kriging combined geographic information(OK-Geo) and stratified kriging(SK).The results showed that the methods combined with geographic information including HASM-SP and OK-Geo obtained a lower estimation bias.HASM-SP also showed less MAEs and RMSEs when it was compared with the other three methods(OK-Geo,OK and SK).Much more details were presented in the HASM-SP maps for soil properties due to the combination of different types of geographic information which gave abrupt boundary for the spatial varia-tion of soil properties.Therefore,HASM-SP can not only reduce prediction errors but also can be accordant with the distribution of geographic information,which make the spatial simula-tion of soil property more reasonable.HASM-SP has not only enriched the theory of high accuracy surface modeling of soil property,but also provided a scientific method for the ap-plication in resource management and environment planning.     

土地利用变化对全球气候影响的研究进展与方法初探

综合分析了土地利用与土地覆盖变化（LUCC）对全球气候影响研究的重要科学问题和国内外研究现状,在此基础上,考虑各学科的相互交叉、渗透和耦合等特点,提出并初步设计了土地利用变化对全球气候影响研究的星地一体化LUCC—气候—生态系统耦合研究技术方法体系,并就土地利用变化对全球气候影响的LUCC演变规律及动力学机制、LUCC...     

中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度(英文)

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in China in the late 1970s, some meteorological stations ’entered’ cities passively due to urban expansion. Changes in the surface and built environment around the stations have influenced observations of air temperature. When the observational data from urban stations are applied in the interpolation of national or regional scale air temperature dataset, they could lead to overestimation of regional air temperature and inaccurate assessment of warming. In this study, the underlying surface surrounding 756 meteorological stations across China was identified based on remote sensing images over a number of time intervals to distinguish the rural stations that ’entered’ into cities. Then, after removing the observational data from these stations which have been influenced by urban expansion, a dataset of background air temperatures was generated by interpolating the observational data from the remaining rural stations. The mean urban heat island effect intensity since 1970 was estimated by comparing the original observational records from urban stations with the background air temperature interpolated. The result shows that urban heat island effect does occur due to urban expansion, with a higher intensity in winter than in other seasons. Then the overestimation of regional air temperature is evaluated by comparing the two kinds of grid datasets of air temperature which are respectively interpolated by all stations’ and rural stations’ observational data. Spatially, the overestimation is relatively higher in eastern China than in the central part of China; however, both areas exhibit a much higher effect than is observed in western China. We concluded that in the last 40 years the mean temperature in China increased by about 1.58℃, of which about 0.01℃ was attributed to urban expansion, with a contribution of up to 0.09℃ in the core areas from the overestimation of air temperature.     

中国土地利用时空数据平台建设及其支持下的相关研究

20世纪 90年代中期 ,我们建立了国家资源环境动态信息服务运行系统。在土地利用数据库的建设过程中 ,其中 5 2 0 L andsat TM遥感影像经过地理配准和几何校正后 ,在全数字解译环境下 ,解译并绘制了 1∶ 10万的土地利用图。现已将其矢量数据转换为 1km的栅格数据 (包括所有高分辨率的、通过计算每个网格内各土地利用类型的面积百分比而获得的土地利用信息)。因此 ,国家资源环境动态服务系统可用来监测国家尺度的土地利用的变化。     

中国国家自然保护区土地覆被变化(英文)

For preventing ecosystem degradation,protecting natural habitats and conserving biodiversity within the habitats,2588 nature reserves have been established in China at the end of 2010.The total area is up to 149.44 million ha and covers over 15% of Chinese terrestrial surface.Land-cover change,as the primary driver of biodiversity change,directly impacts ecosystem structures and functions.In this paper,180 National Nature Reserves(NNRs) are selected and their total area is 44.71 million ha,accounting for 29.9% of all NNRs in China.In terms of the ecosystem characteristics and their major protected object,all selected NNRs are classified into 7 types.A Positive and Negative Change Index of Land-cover(PNCIL) was developed to analyze the land-cover change of each NNRs type from the late 1980s to 2005.The results show that the land-cover of all selected NNRs types have degradated to a certain degree except the forest ecosystem reserves with a decreasing rate,but the rate of degradation alleviated gradually.The mean positive and negative change rates of land-cover in all core zones decreased by 0.69% and 0.16% respectively.The landscape pattern of land-cover in the core zones was more stable than that in the buffer zones and the experimental zones.Furthermore,the ecological diversity and patch connectivity of land-cover in selected NNRs increased generally.In short,the land-cover of 180 selected NNRs in China had a beneficial change trend after NNRs established,especially between 1995 and 2005.     

过去50年内蒙古极端气候事件时空格局特征简

为了掌握内蒙古极端气候事件的发生趋势与时空格局,本文运用内蒙古自治区境内46个国家级气象站点的日值记录数据,计算与植被生长的水热条件及寒旱灾害直接相关的极端气候事件指数,分析过去50年内蒙古温度和降水气候事件的时空演变特征。研究结果表明,研究区极端温度事件的发生频率与持续时间迅速变化发生于20世纪90年代以来,60年代至80年代末呈平稳态势。表征低温事件的霜日日数（FD0）、冷昼日数（TX10p）、冷夜日数（TN10p）、冷持续指数（CSDI）等指数均呈现下降趋势,同时表征高温事件的夏日指数（SU25）、作物生长期（GSL）、暖昼日数（TX90p）、暖夜日数（TN90p）、热持续指数（WSDI）则均呈上升趋势。与极端高温事件发生频率的加剧在90年代初开始凸显不同,表征强降水事件发生频率和强度的极端降水指标的显著变化发生在近10年。研究区极端温度指数过去50年的变化过程几乎没有明显的空间分异特征,但是在位于农牧交错区的部分站点的强降水事件呈现出与大多数站点不同的特征,最近10年的强降水事件高于前一时段,而其他多数站点最近10年的极端降水指数均低于前一时段。