新疆准噶尔北缘托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿床矽卡岩和磁铁矿矿物学特征及其地质意义

托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿床赋存于中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩与闪长(玢)岩的接触带中,矿体呈脉状、透镜状,矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩.本文分别利用电子探针、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),对托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿附近的石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石的化学组分及磁铁矿的主量及微量元素开展研究.结果表明:矽卡岩矿物中石榴子石端员组分以钙铝榴石一钙铁榴石系列为主,辉石端员组分以透辉石为主,绿帘石化学成分富铁富钙,这些特点表明矿区矽卡岩具有钙矽卡岩特征.矽卡岩是由岩浆热液流体交代北塔山组基性火山岩而形成的,磁铁矿的形成与矽卡岩的退化变质作用有关.在石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段形成铜和金矿化.     

青海西部祁漫塔格地区主要矽卡岩铁多金属矿床成矿地质背景和矿化蚀变特征

青海西部祁漫塔格地区矽卡岩铁多金属矿床分布广泛,目前已成为中国西部最重要和最有找矿潜力的矽卡岩铁多金属成矿带.在大地构造上,该地区属东昆仑造山带;成矿主要与印支期(204～237Ma)闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩有关;控矿地层包括蓟县系狼牙山组大理岩、硅质岩,奥陶系-志留系滩间山群大理岩、碎屑岩、硅质岩、中-基性火山岩和石炭系结晶灰岩、碎屑岩等.区内发育3类矽卡岩,即钙矽卡岩、镁矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩,以前者为主.钙矽卡岩常伴生Fe、Cu、Mo(Pb,Zn)矿化,镁矽卡岩主要伴生Fe矿化,锰质矽卡岩则伴生Pb、Zn(Ag)矿化;矿石矿物组合多种多样,矿化具有一定的分带性.内接触带侵入岩广泛发育钾长石化,与矽卡岩类型一起构成该类矿床的重要找矿标志之一.     

青海尕林格铁矿床矽卡岩矿物学及蚀变分带

尕林格矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床位于青海省西部祁曼塔格成矿亚带的中部.矿体处于花岗闪长岩与滩间山群白云质大理岩接触带内以及外接触带沿NWW向断裂构造破碎带分布的大理岩和蚀变安山岩内.从侵入接触带往东,蚀变岩石分带性明显,主要划分出3种含矿矽卡岩带:含Fe的镁质矽卡岩带,含Fe、Cu的钙质矽卡岩带,含Fe、Pb、Zn的锰-钙质矽卡岩带.镁质矽卡岩带的矽卡岩矿物主要包括镁橄榄石及其蚀变矿物蛇纹石、粒硅镁石、透辉石、斜绿泥石,有关的金属矿物主要为磁铁矿.钙质矽卡岩带的主要矽卡岩矿物有绿钙闪石、铁阳起石、钙铁辉石、铁叶绿泥石、磷灰石、中长石,有关的金属矿物为磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿和少量黄铜矿.与锰-钙质矽卡岩有关的矽卡岩矿物有锰钙铁辉石、钙铁榴石、钙铝榴石、铁镁绿泥石、绿帘石、硅灰石、磷灰石、钙长石等,金属矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿和磁黄铁矿.通过对矿物组合的研究,确定了不同矿物组合的生成关系,划分了成矿期次,分为矽卡岩期、退化蚀变期和金属硫化物期,矽卡岩期又分为早、晚2个阶段.矽卡岩早期生成的石榴子石的化学成分端员以钙铝榴石(Gro67～ 99)为主,辉石的成分端员以透辉石(Di96～ 98)为主;矽卡岩期晚期阶段石榴子石的化学成分端员以钙铁榴石(Ad78～98)为主,辉石的成分端员以钙铁辉石(Hd68～ 84)为主.与中国东部矽卡岩型矿床进行对比后发现,锰-钙质矽卡岩带是一种向锰质矽卡岩带过渡的类型,对于寻找与锰质矽卡岩有关的矿化类型具有指示意义.     

青海野马泉矽卡岩铁锌多金属矿区侵入岩、交代岩及矿化蚀变特征

野马泉铁锌多金属矿床位于柴达木盆地西南缘和青海祁漫塔格山之间的盆山结合部位.矿区出露有印支期及海西期侵入岩.矿区内矽卡岩呈层状、似层状产于上石炭统四角羊沟组中,矽卡岩矿物主要是石榴子石、单斜辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、符山石等;金属矿物主要有磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿等.文章基于详细野外地质调查、剖面和钻孔岩芯观察结果,开展了侵入岩和交代岩的岩石地球化学及矽卡岩矿物学的系统研究.结果表明,野马泉矿区闪长岩具有低w(SiO2) (51.90％～59.03％)、高w(MgO) (2.04％～3.44％)、w(TFeO)(5.33％～11.67％),高REE[(318.57×10-6～327.67×10-6)],低LREE/HREE比值(7.36～7.48)的特点;二长花岗岩具有高w(SiO2) (77.36％ ～77.41％)、低w(MgO)(0.04％～0.10％)、w(TFeO) (0.76％～1.08％)的特点,LREE/HREE比值较高(9.14～9.37).透辉石-钾长石交代岩比原岩低w(MgO)(1.17％ ～ 2.86％)、低w(TFeO)(3.89％～7.76％),且具有更强的Eu负异常(δEu=0.07～0.52),LREE/HREE比值更低(3.19～7.87).透辉石-钠长石交代岩相对原岩具有低w(MgO) (0.36％～0.92％)、高w(TFeO)(3.05％ ～8.13％)的特点.野马泉矿区的矽卡岩包括钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩,钙矽卡岩主要产于接触带附近,组成矿物主要为单斜辉石和石榴子石,接近岩体的单斜辉石中透辉石端员组分较高,石榴石主要分布在接触带附近,内环带钙铁榴石组分高于外环带.综合矿物学、岩石地球化学结果,推断野马泉矿区闪长岩具有较大成矿潜力,野马泉矿区钙矽卡岩主要形成于氧化条件,锰质矽卡岩形成于还原条件.     

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床地质特征及矽卡岩矿物学特征研究

嘎拉勒铜金矿床位于班公湖-怒江缝合带西段,是该带上新近发现的十分重要的矽卡岩(斑岩)型铜金矿床,其金资源量已达大型以上规模。矿区内出露地层有白垩系朗久组及捷嘎组,并发育大量燕山期中酸性侵入岩。矿体主要产于灰白色花岗闪长岩与白云岩或白云质大理岩的接触带矽卡岩内。矽卡岩主要呈层状、似层状、港湾状及不规则状等产出;矽卡岩矿物主要为橄榄石、蛇纹石、辉石、金云母、透闪石、绿帘石、水镁石等;靠近内接触带可见石榴子石;金属矿物主要有磁铁矿、自然金、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、辉钼矿等。电子探针分析表明,矿区内矽卡岩矿物中的橄榄石主要为镁橄榄石,辉石主要为透辉石,云母主要为金云母,由此构成的矽卡岩矿物组合为典型的镁质矽卡岩;与之伴生的钙质矽卡岩矿物石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石。矿区中的矽卡岩在空间上具有较好的分带性,其表现为从内接触带至外接触带经历了镁橄榄石-透辉石相至金云母-透闪石相的渐变过渡演化,表明矿区矽卡岩具有从高温至低温的矿物组合演化序列;与矽卡岩分带相伴随的矿化分带,表现为深部的铜(钼)矿化过渡到浅部的铜金矿化。矿区最新勘查成果显示,在深部已发现少量斑岩型矿化,显示存在统一的矽卡岩-斑岩成矿系统的可能性,深部找矿潜力较大。     

Cuspidine‐bearing skarn from Chesney Vale,Victoria

The rare calc‐silicate minerals cuspidine, bultfonteinite, foshagite and xonotlite occur in a calcsilicate skarn zone near Chesney Vale, in northern Victoria. They are associated with andradite-grossular garnet, vesuvianite, diopside, wollastonite, prehnite, epidote, fluorite, calcite, perovskite,sphene and possibly tobermorite. The calc‐silicate skarn zone has formed in thermally meta‐morphosed, Ordovician, deep‐marine sediments adjacent to an Early Devonian aplitic granite pluton. The assemblages are estimated to have formed at low pressure (<100 MPa) at temperaturesnot exceeding 600°C in the presence of a low‐X_co2 fluorine‐bearing fluid. The occurrence is the firstrecord of bultfonteinite and foshagite in Australia and the first record of cuspidine and xonotlite inVictoria.     

Skarn development from limestone adjacent to the Glenrock Granodiorite,Marulan Batholith,New South Wales,Australia

Skarns are developed over two temperature‐time intervals in calcite limestone adjacent to the southern extension of the Glenrock Granodiorite, a pluton of the Marulan Batholith, Southern Highlands, New South Wales. The initial volumetrically‐dominant prograde phase of skarn formation produced a suite comprising bimetasomatic skarn, including pyroxene endoskarn, potassic endoskarn and wollastonite‐bearing exoskarn, together with mineralogically‐zoned vein skarn, massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn and calcite‐vesuvianite skarn. Retrograde replacement is manifested by the development of hydrous silicate minerals, carbonate and cross‐cutting sulphide veinlets.

A genetic model is proposed to account for the development of bimetasomatic skarn in the deposit. Exoskarn geochemistry indicates addition of many components relative to an essentially pure limestone precursor, including Si, Al, Fe, Zr, Zn, S, Mn and Cu, negligible transfer of K, Na and Rb and loss of CO₂. Strontium and Ca loss from the parent limestone is indicated by mass balance calculations at constant volume.

Garnet and pyroxene compositions in the massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn range from Gr₃₀ to Gr₆₆ and Hd₆₁ to Hd₈₇, respectively. Compositions from Gr₆₇ to Gr₉₅ are typical of the vein skarn garnets. Chemical zonation patterns in garnet, pyroxene and vesuvianite are generally characterized by rim Fe depletion relative to cores of grains.

Prograde skarn probably formed at T = 500–580°C; P < 220 MPa. The massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn evolved under conditions of log fO₂ = ‐18.9 to ‐22.9 (assuming a constant fCO₂ of 20 MPa) within the fS₂ stability field of pyrrhotite. Retrograde skarn formed at T < 400°C, possibly under conditions of X_H2O < 0.01.

Vesuvianite plus wollastonite assemblages, present in exoskarn, probably attest to very water‐rich conditions. The marble wall rocks, isolated from the source of skarn‐forming fluids, probably evolved under conditions of minimum X_co2 >0.2. Low temperature CO₂ ‐rich fluid inclusions and prehnite (stable at X_co2 <0.01), present in the marble and skarn, respectively, suggest that substantial differences in X_co2: X_H2O were maintained during cooling.

Observed mineralogical and chemical zonation within the skarn reflects the complex interaction of T, P, fO₂, Xco₂ and other chemical variables such as a_SiO2 and a_Al2O3 throughout the skarn system. No single variable can account adequately for the mineralogical diversity observed in the skarn deposit.     

陕西木龙沟矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床地质特征

陕西木龙沟铁矿床为接触交代矽卡岩型矿床,地质构造单元归属华北古大陆南缘华山一熊耳山陆缘带。矿床主要围岩地层为蓟县系巡检司组,岩体分叉侵入,矿体产于燕山中期花岗闪长斑岩体与巡检司组内、外接触带。矿石成分简单,以磁铁矿为主,其他具有工业意义的金属有钼、锌、铅、铜。通过对该矿床的矿体、矿石特征、蚀变特征的研究,认为该矿床成矿作用主要受构造及中酸性岩浆活动控制,钙镁碳酸盐是成矿的有利围岩。     

西藏班戈县拉青铜多金属矿床地球化学特征和年龄

拉青矿床位于班公湖-怒江缝合带南侧,属于矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床.矿区岩浆岩发育,矿化二长花岗岩为其成矿岩体.对二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得年龄加权平均值为114.24Ma±0.87Ma,表明拉青矿床形成于早白垩世晚期.岩石地球化学数据分析表明,A/CNK值为1.15～1.17、A/NK值为1.53～1.59,为过铝质花岗岩,属于高钾钙碱性系列.轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集,负Eu异常较弱.在微量元素蛛网图上,富集大离子不相容元素Rb、K、Th、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti.R1-R2图解及Rb-(Yb+Nb)图解表明,拉青二长花岗岩形成于同碰撞构造环境.结合区域地质矿产资料初步认为,二长花岗岩体形成于班公湖-怒江洋消减闭合后羌塘板块与冈底斯板片碰撞拼合阶段,拉青矿床即是该同碰撞背景下形成的与二长花岗岩岩浆活动密切相关的矽卡岩铜多金属矿床.     

青海赛什塘铜矿床流体包裹体研究

对青海赛什塘铜矿床内与成矿有关的矽卡岩中石榴子石、透辉石及硫化物石英脉中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温学和显微激光拉曼光谱分析等的研究结果表明,流体包裹体有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体3种类型;早期矽卡岩阶段均一温度436～562℃,盐度为34 wt ％～45wt％NaCl eqv.,代表了高温、高盐度岩浆流体;退变质阶段均一温度322～419℃,盐度为15wt ％～39 wt％NaCl eqv.;硫化物阶段均一温度235～366℃,盐度5wt％～36wt％NaCl eqv..激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明,包裹体中气相成分以CH4、H2S、CO2和H2O为主.成矿流体属于中高温、高盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4体系,在290～360℃之间发生了强烈的流体沸腾作用,导致大量的金属硫化物沉淀,成矿流体的沸腾作用是导致铜矿床形成的重要因素.