非洲矿业企业社会责任发展现状研究

非洲是矿业投资的热点地区,随着进入非洲的矿业公司数量的增多,企业社会责任的履行日益成为衡量矿业公司优良与否的重要标准之一。受诸多因素的影响,非洲各国之间的企业社会责任发展水平并不相同。本文从认知水平、参与国际倡议的情况、立法情况等主要方面,比较简略地分析和总结非洲的矿业企业社会责任的总体情况,从而提出了未来非洲地区的企业社会责任将呈现出企业社会责任意识将不断提高以及在矿法中规定企业社会责任两大趋势。     

SOME ASPECTS OF EXPORT LABOUR SERVICE IN CHINA

ＳＯＭＥＡＳＰＥＣＴＳＯＦＥＸＰＯＲＴＬＡＢＯＵＲＳＥＲＶＩＣＥＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ阎小培ＳＯＭＥＡＳＰＥＣＴＳＯＦＥＸＰＯＲＴＬＡＢＯＵＲＳＥＲＶＩＣＥＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＹａｎＸｉａｏｐｅｉ（ＣｅｎｔｒｅｆｏｒＵｒｂａｎ＆ＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＳｔｕｄｉｅｓ，Ｚ...     

GB／T19000—ISO9000国家标准简介及在地勘单位贯彻中面临的间题

ＧＢ／Ｔ１９０００—ＩＳＯ９０００系列标准等同采用了国际通行的质量管理标准。贯彻该标准不仅能提高地勘单位质量管理水平、产品质量，也为地勘单位开展质量体系认证、产品质量认证提供技术依据，增强地勘单位参与国内、外市场竞争的能力。目前在贯标工作中制约因素主要有：地质成果形成特点及地质成果质量管理的特殊性、地质工作投入的减少及现有地质技术人员素质等。然而，贯标是我国经济体制改革深入的要求，是地勘队伍走出低谷、求生存和发展的基本手段。贯标和建立新的经济运行机制之间存在有相互依存、相互促进的关系。     

我国水产品国际竞争力的提升策略

当前我国水产品出口屡屡受挫．如何提升我国水产品的国际竞争力是我们面临的一个重要课题。通过分析认为。制约我国水产品国际竞争力的外部因素：发达国家技术壁垒的强化；反倾销、反补贴和特殊保障措施使我国在保护水产品生产和贸易上处于严重的不利地位；生态标签成为新的非关税壁垒，威胁着国际贸易的发展。内部因素：政府管理体制方面的制约；水产品生产加工方面的制约；行业组织化程度低，恶性竞争没有得到有效遏制；生产服务和信息服务能力弱；水产品市场体系的制约因索。在此基础上，提出了增加政府补贴、加强养殖监管、健全合作组织、实施品牌战略等一系列提升我国水产品国际竞争力的策略。     

TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL CASE FOR HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION

I will argue that an ambitious programme of human space exploration, involving a return to the Moon, and eventually human missions to Mars, will add greatly to human knowledge. Gathering such knowledge is the primary aim of science, but science’s compartmentalisation into isolated academic disciplines tends to obscure the overall strength of the scientific case. Any consideration of the scientific arguments for human space exploration must therefore take a holistic view, and integrate the potential benefits over the entire spectrum of human knowledge. Moreover, science is only one thread in a much larger overall case for human space exploration. Other threads include economic, industrial, educational, geopolitical and cultural benefits. Any responsibly formulated public space policy must weigh all of these factors before deciding whether or not an investment in human space activities is scientifically and socially desirable.     

全球锑原材料贸易格局演化分析

随着中国锑矿产量下降以及全球新能源领域对锑需求量的增加, 全球锑原材料供需格局正在改变。对全球锑原材料贸易格局的现状及演化过程开展分析, 有助于世界各国构建弹性的锑原材料供应链。本文基于物质流与复杂网络分析方法, 定量刻画了四类锑原材料(锑矿石、锑金属、锑初级加工品、再生锑)的全球贸易格局(2002—2020年), 分析了典型国家(地区)的锑原材料贸易结构及贸易地位变化特征, 总结了贸易格局的演化规律。研究发现: (1)锑初级加工品是全球最主要的贸易品种, 其贸易量占全球锑原材料总贸易量的一半以上; (2)中国和美国分别是贸易地位排名前两位的国家, 印度、欧盟、韩国是贸易地位上升最快三个国家(地区); (3)欧盟锑金属的进口来源呈现明显的多元化趋势, 显著降低了对中国的进口依赖, 表明欧盟近些年实施的关键原材料多元化进口战略取得了显著成效; (4)中国在全球锑原材料供应格局中的绝对优势地位在下降, 与此同时, 全球锑原材料贸易格局正朝着更加多元的方向发展。     

萤石典型产品国际贸易竞争格局演变

萤石作为一种重要的非金属战略性矿产资源,受到各国(地区)的高度重视。由于全球萤石资源储量有限、分布不均,萤石产品的供需矛盾不断增强,激化了萤石资源进出口之间的竞争。本文主要研究了萤石资源国际贸易,以无机氟化工产业链为切入点,选取酸级萤石、电子级氢氟酸、六氟磷酸锂为研究对象,运用复杂网络方法,构建了2000—2020年全球萤石产品进口竞争网络,分析其格局、演变特征,国家(地区)间竞争特点以及中国萤石产品的竞争状况。结果发现:全球萤石产品之间的竞争越来越激烈,各阶段的累积度分布都遵循幂律分布。竞争强度占比前20%的国家(地区)显示出更直观的集中化趋势。近20年来美国一直是酸级萤石进口竞争的矛盾中心。电子级氢氟酸和六氟磷酸锂的进口竞争网络的核心国家(地区)是不断演变的。建议中国等萤石资源储量丰富的国家(地区),合理规划萤石产业,优化萤石资源供需格局、促进萤石产业健康可持续发展。     

Global forest conservation initiatives as spaces for participation in Colombia and Costa Rica

This paper investigates the spaces for participation that have been created by readiness preparations launched in connection with the international initiative “Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation” (REDD+) in Colombia and Costa Rica. I analyse the emergence of these spaces and who is leading the process in each country. My findings indicate that in Costa Rica, the public sector is leading preparation activities and creating the public spaces for participation in REDD to which private actors are invited. In Colombia on the other hand, NGOs, development assistance agencies and other private actors are leading the process and the state is the invited actor. I identify four factors that determine the scope of different actors’ possibilities to participate in the REDD+ spaces. These are (a) control of key resources, (b) ideological affinity, (c) the creation and dissemination of information and knowledge, and (d) the creation of norms to validate REDD+ pilot initiatives. The separation between these factors is not clear-cut and consequently they reinforce each other at different levels. The research presented here contributes to a better understanding of the implications that national REDD+ politics may have in the future functioning of the programme.     

Implementing adaptation in developed countries: an analysis of progress and trends

Little attention has been paid thus far to the experiences of developed countries in adapting to climate change. This article addresses this research gap by providing an assessment of broad trends in progress on planning and implementing adaptation in developed countries. Primary inputs are the National Communications (NCs) by these countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), although the article also discusses illustrative examples of recent adaptation activities that have not been covered in the NCs. NCs reflect ‘whole government’ perspectives and follow a standardized reporting format, which facilitates cross-national comparisons. The analysis shows that impacts and adaptation receive limited attention within NCs. The discussion on impacts and adaptation has typically been dominated by climate scenarios and impacts analysis, while the discussion on adaptation is often limited to the identification of generic options. There are signs of recent progress, however, in the Third and especially the Fourth NCs, in which a growing number of developed countries report on establishing frameworks for adaptation and on efforts to implement adaptation measures that take future climate into account. Although an encouraging sign, it is still too early to assess the eventual impact of such measures.     

Delivering the two degree global climate change target using a flexible ratchet framework

Global climate negotiations have been characterized by a divide between developed and developing nations – a split which has served as a persistent barrier to international agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process. Notable progress in bridging this division was achieved at the 21st Conference of the Parties meeting in Paris through the introduction of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). However, the collective ambition of submitted INDCs falls short of a global 2°C target, requiring an effective ratchet mechanism to review and increase national commitments. Inequitable distribution of additional responsibilities risks re-opening historic divisions between parties. This article presents a flexible ratchet framework which shares mitigation commitments on the basis of per capita equity in line with emerging requirements for a 2°C target. The framework has been designed through convergence between developed and developing nations; developed nation targets are based on an agreed standardized percentage reduction wherever emissions are above per capita equity; developing nations are required to peak emissions at or below per capita equity levels by an agreed convergence date. The proposed framework has the flexibility to be integrated with current INDCs and to evolve in line with shifting estimates of climate sensitivity.

Policy relevance

The outcome of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) negotiations in Paris offered mixed results in terms of level of ambition and submitted national commitments. A global agreement to keep average global temperature rise below two degrees was maintained; however, current pledged Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are projected to result in an average warming of close to three degrees. The implementation of a global ratchet mechanism to scale-up national commitments will remain key to closing this ambition gap to reach this two degree target. How this upscaling of responsibility is shared between parties will be a defining discussion point within future negotiations. This study presents a standardized, equity-based framework for how this ratchet mechanism can be implemented – a framework designed to be flexible for evolution in line with better understanding of climate sensitivity, and adaptable for integrations with current INDC proposals.