考虑局部冲刷的跨海桥梁桩基基础波流力

跨海桥梁桩基基础所受的波流荷载是跨海桥梁设计中重点考虑的荷载之一,实际工程中波流力的计算多参考《港口与航道水文规范:JTS145—2015》中推荐的单桩桩基基础波流力计算方法,未合理考虑局部冲刷形状的影响。以港珠澳大桥为例,在桩基基础波流力和冲刷试验结果的基础上,通过对计算模型中流速、C_D、C_M等参数的选取进行修正,提出了考虑局部冲刷形状的桩基基础波流力计算方法,在保证工程安全性的同时兼顾了工程的经济性,并成功应用于港珠澳大桥桥梁桩基的设计中。     

Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the rhyolitic tuff on Port Island,Hong Kong: Implications for early Cretaceous tectonic setting

Early Cretaceous rhyolitic tuffs, widely distributed on Port Island, provide insights into the volcanism and tectonic setting of Hong Kong. In this paper we present petrological, geochronological and geochemical data of the rhyolitic tuff to constrain the diagenesis age and petrogenesis of the rocks, tectonic setting and early Cretaceous volcanism of Hong Kong. The first geochronological data show that the zircons in the volcanic rocks have U-Pb age of 141.1–139.5 Ma, which reveals that the rhyolitic tuff on Port Island was formed in the early Cretaceous (K₁). Geochemically, these acid rocks, which are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs), belong to the high K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series with strongly-peraluminous characteristic. The geochemical analyses suggest that the volcanic rocks were derived from deep melting in the continental crust caused by basaltic magma underplating. Based on the geochemical analysis and previous studies, we concluded that the rhyolitic tuffs on Port Island were formed in a back-arc extension setting in response to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.     

EEMD在雷暴日趋势特征分析中的应用

首先利用整体经验模态分解算法（EEMD）对加入高斯白噪声后的香港地区雷暴日时间序列进行本征模态函数（IMF）分解;其次对各IMF分量进行Hilbert变换,提取雷暴日波动特征参量,并给出雷暴日序列的Hilbert谱和边际谱;最后对各雷暴日IMF分量进行显著性检验。结果表明：香港地区近67 a雷暴日序列可分解为1项趋势项和5个中心频率不同的IMF分量,其中能量主要集中在0.35~0.5 Hz和0~0.05 Hz频段;通过分析IMF能量谱密度-周期分布,得出雷暴日变化周期为2.8 a左右的年际变化和25 a左右的代际变化为主要变化周期,其次是4.5 和7.1 a左右的年际变化为次要变化周期,从趋势项可知香港地区雷暴日呈波动上升趋势。EEMD算法可较好地用于雷暴日趋势特征分析。     

Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient stoichiometry and regulation of phytoplankton biomass in Hong Kong waters: influence of the Pearl River outflow and sewage inputs

In 2001, the Hong Kong government implemented the Harbor Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) under which 70% of the sewage that had been formerly discharged into Victoria Harbor is now collected and sent to Stonecutters Island Sewage Works where it receives chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), and is then discharged into waters west of the Harbor. The relocation of the sewage discharge will possibly change the nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton biomass in this area. Therefore, there is a need to examine the factors that regulate phytoplankton growth in Hong Kong waters in order to understand future impacts. Based on a historic nutrient data set (1986-2001), a comparison of ambient nutrient ratios with the Redfield ratio (N:P:Si=16:1:16) showed clear spatial variations in the factors that regulate phytoplankton biomass along a west (estuary) to east (coastal/oceanic) transect through Hong Kong waters. Algal biomass was constrained by a combination of low light conditions, a rapid change in salinity, and strong turbulent mixing in western waters throughout the year. Potential stoichiometric Si limitation (up to 94% of the cases in winter) occurred in Victoria Harbor due to the contribution of sewage effluent with high N and P enrichment all year, except for summer when the frequency of stoichiometric Si limitation (48%) was the same as P, owing to the influence of the high Si in the Pearl River discharge. In the eastern waters, potential N limitation and N and P co-limitation occurred in autumn and winter respectively, because of the dominance of coastal/oceanic water with low nutrients and low N:P ratios. In contrast, potential Si limitation occurred in spring and a switch to potential N, P and Si limitation occurred in eastern waters in summer. In southern waters, there was a shift from P limitation (80%) in summer due to the influence of the N-rich Pearl River discharge, to N limitation (68%) in autumn, and to N and P co-limitation in winter due to the dominance of N-poor oceanic water from the oligotrophic South China Sea. Our results show clear temporal and spatial variations in the nutrient stoichiometry which indicates potential regulation of phytoplankton biomass in HK waters due to the combination of the seasonal exchange of the Pearl River discharge and oceanic water, sewage effluent inputs, and strong hydrodynamic mixing from SW monsoon winds in summer and the NE monsoon winds in winter.     

Seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in Victoria Harbour and its vicinity before and after sewage abatement

This study investigated the seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass at 12 stations in Hong Kong (HK) waters during a three year period from 2004 to 2006 after upgraded sewage treatment and compared these results to observations before sewage treatment. Pearl River estuary (PRE) discharge significantly increased NO(3) and SiO(4) concentrations, particularly in western and southern waters when rainfall and river discharge was maximal in summer. Continuous year round discharge of sewage effluent resulted in high NH(4) and PO(4) in Victoria Harbour (VH) and its vicinity. In winter, spring and fall, the water column at all stations was moderately mixed by winds and tidal currents, and phytoplankton biomass was relatively low compared to summer. In summer, the mean surface phytoplankton chl biomass was generally > 9 microL(-1) in most areas as a result of thermohaline stratification, and high nutrients, light, and water temperature. In summer, the potential limiting nutrient is PO(4) in the most productive southern waters and it seldom decreased to limiting levels ( approximately 0.1 microM), suggesting that phytoplankton growth may be only episodically limiting. The mean bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) remained > 3.5 mg L(-1) at most stations, indicating that the eutrophication impact in HK waters was not as severe as expected for such a eutrophic area. After the implementation of chemically enhanced primary sewage treatment in 2001, water quality in VH improved as indicated by a significant decrease in NH(4) and PO(4) and an increase in bottom DO. In contrast, there were an increase in chl a and NO(3), and a significant decrease in bottom DO in southern waters in summer, suggesting that hypoxic events are most likely to occur in this region if phytoplankton biomass and oxygen consumption keep increasing and exceed the buffering capacity of HK waters maintained by monsoon winds, tidal mixing and zooplankton grazing. Therefore, future studies on the long-term changes in nutrient loading from PRE and HK sewage discharge will be crucial for developing future strategies of sewage management in HK waters.     

Use of the clam Asaphis deflorata as a potential indicator of organochlorine bioaccumulation in Hong Kong coastal sediments

In order to test its ability as a bioaccumulator, the deposit feeding clam Asaphis deflorata, collected from a clean coastal area in Hong Kong (Ding Chau, Ma On Shan), was exposed to field-collected sediments representing a gradient of contamination. Sediments were collected from four sites, namely Shek O in the southeast of Hong Kong Island, Ap Lei Chau in Aberdeen district, Tai Kok Tsui in the Mong Kok waterfront, and To Kwa Wan near Kowloon City pier. Shek O was the cleanest and To Kwa Wan was the most polluted site. Replicate 30 L fiberglass tanks containing equal numbers of organisms were maintained for 28 days, with equal quantities of sediment and filtered seawater. Prior to this the animals were depurated for 10 days in clean sediment. During the 28-day holding period, sampling of both sediment and clams was performed on days 0, 10 and 28, along with condition index measurements. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in sediments showed that Shek O was the cleanest of the sites, followed by Ap Lei Chau, Tai Kok Tsui and To Kwa Wan. There were marked differences among the sites, especially in PAH concentrations, with To Kwa Wan showing extremely high sediment concentrations.Following exposure, the biota concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides and PCBs suggested that there was sediment concentration-dependent accumulation by A. deflorata on day 10 of the experiment. However, there was no significant increase on day 28 for any of the compounds tested. Contaminant concentrations in clams feeding on Shek O sediments were minimal and almost the same on all sampling days, indicating the presence of only baseline contaminant concentrations. The condition indices (CI) of the clams on various sampling days showed that the animals were relatively more stable in sediment from Shek O. There were some deaths in all the test tanks (including those containing Shek O sediments). In addition, clams appeared to bury faster in the cleaner Shek O sediment and remained buried, unlike those in the sediment from the other locations, where some remained predominantly on the surface. Nevertheless, despite not completely burying, the clams in other test sediments still exhibited sediment concentration-dependent tissue accumulation. The results of the investigation indicate the possibility of developing a standard test protocol for bioaccumulation by sediment dwelling invertebrates, for practical use in Hong Kong, using A. deflorata.     

高分四号静止卫星辐射性能模拟与信噪比分析——以香港近海岸水体为例

随着高分四号(GF-4号)地球同步卫星的发射与初步应用,其兼顾高空间与高时间分辨率的优势在同类型卫星中独具特色,中国对地静止卫星影像的研究也越来越受到重视。为了对GF-4号卫星在轨探测能力进行评估,掌握日内可用影像数据时段以合理安排成像时间提高卫星使用效率与延长寿命,有必要对以暗像元为代表的典型地物(如水体)进行辐射能模拟与信噪比研究。基于MODTRAN辐射传输模型,将香港沿岸水体作为暗目标,对GF-4号静止卫星多光谱遥感全色谱段以及蓝、绿、红、近红外4个多光谱谱段进行标准大气条件下入瞳处辐亮度的模拟,并利用在轨影像进行验证。在此基础上去除大气背景辐射干扰计算有效信噪比,并分别选取一年中春分、夏至、秋分、冬至,4个典型日的模拟数据进行质量分析,探讨一天连续观测中卫星能够获取高质量水体影像的有效时段,尤其是对晨昏时段临界微弱信号的敏感性进行分析。结果表明,夏至、冬至日内表观辐亮度峰值依次为59.26 W/(m~2·sr·μm)、56.20 W/(m~2·sr·μm),均出现在蓝光谱段;夏至、冬至最高地表有效辐亮度分别为17.52 W/(m~2·sr·μm)、12.13 W/(m~2·sr·μm),出现在蓝光谱段,但差距有所缩小。这是由于入瞳处辐射主要受到大气背景辐射的影响,以夏至正午为例,各谱段受背景辐射影响程度达到49.7%—75.5%。为规避背景辐射噪声,提出适用于陆表观测的有效辐射百分比的概念,推导出传统信噪比、有效信噪比以及有效辐射百分比之间的转换关系式,揭示了背景辐射对成像信噪比干扰的定量形式,提出有效信噪比计算方法,并以此为依据,以香港海岸带水体为目标,建立了相应有效信噪比对应时刻表。经计算香港海岸带水体一年中卫星全天有效信噪比均低于50 dB,夏至、冬至最高地表有效信噪比分别为41.0 dB、38.2 dB,其中蓝光谱段模拟效果最差,近红外、全色谱段结果较好。为保障影像质量,以香港海岸带水体有效信噪比35 dB为阈值确定影像获取时段,分别为夏至日北京时间7:49—17:01,冬至日北京时间9:28—15:07。     

建成环境对步行通勤通学的影响——以中国香港为例

步行是一种重要的交通方式,也是体力活动的重要组成部分。然而,现代城市居民步行频率持续下降,相应地带来体力活动水平的持续降低,伴随着肥胖等慢性非传染病广泛蔓延,值得警惕。西方很多研究证实了建成环境(常以“3D”或“5D”等模型刻画)对步行行为的影响。基于西方的结论对于中国香港、北京和上海等具有与西方城市大相迥异的建成环境的城市是否适用?不同的人群由于具有不同的社会经济属性和生活节奏、习惯,其步行行为受建成环境的影响在方向、强度上是否存在差异?为解决上述问题,论文以香港为案例地,以职员和学生2类人群的步行通勤通学行为为研究对象,利用香港人口普查数据、Open Street Map数据以及中原地图数据等,采用传统的线性回归和空间计量模型进行分析,发现：①通勤通学距离是影响职员和学生步行通勤通学行为的最重要变量;②以“5D”模型刻画的建成环境对香港居民步行通勤通学行为的影响,与西方情境下的结论存在一定的差异,如,在香港,距地铁站的距离与职员和学生步行通勤比例相关性均不显著;③建成环境对步行通勤通学行为的影响,在职员与学生两类人群之间在方向和强度上存在显著差异。例如人口密度与职员步行通勤比例负相关,但与学生步行通学比例正相关。研究凸显了在“建成环境-交通行为”关系研究中情境(context)和人群区分(segmentation)的重要性。     

公众视角下的地方与无地方：基于游客饮食体验感知的研究

面对全球化所带来的地方与无地方现象,现有研究更多地关注资本、权力所代表的强权阶级,忽视了普通大众弱势群体的作用。针对这一问题,文章采用质性研究方法围绕中外游客对香港地方饮食在线评论文本展开内容分析。研究发现：1）游客的体验评价显示,无论是饮食产品的推陈出新、就餐环境的多元装饰,还是餐厅服务的内容形式,香港饮食文化都表现出中西融合的全球化特征,在保留传统特质的基础上也吸纳了外部文化形成创新,甚至衍生为新的地方特色产品,两者的共存与转换不仅说明地方和无地方的互相包容与促进,还呈现出两者对于全球化的反作用,地方性从而在内外不断的互动过程中呈现出新的文化内涵。2）人的主体因素在全球化过程中扮演着重要角色,不同于强权阶级借助资本、权力等因素施加影响,以游客为代表的普通大众弱势群体通过消费选择对资本、权力产生主体凝视的力量作用,引发其对地方与无地方元素的营造,这是“全球意义的地方”得以形成的关键。     

珠江三角洲港资服务业企业的空间格局及影响因素研究

香港与珠三角地区历来有着紧密的社会经济联系,研究港资服务业在珠三角的空间布局,有助于发现港资服务业在珠三角不同等级城市的跨制度边界分布规律,并对揭示香港与珠三角之间的服务业合作关系和促进粤港澳大湾区一体化建设具有重要意义。基于1 050家珠三角港资服务业企业POI点数据,运用最邻近点指数、核密度估计法和地理集中指数等定量方法和GIS技术,研究珠三角港资服务业企业的总体空间布局及局部区位特征,并构建了多元回归模型揭示其空间布局的影响因素。结果发现：① 珠三角港资服务业企业的整体空间表现为集聚型,形成了“总体分散,局部集中”的空间分布特征;② 分行业来看,除分配性服务业企业具有空间多中心特征外,其余服务业企业均形成了以广、深为核心的空间分布结构,且4类珠三角港资服务业企业均具有显著的集聚特征,其中生产性服务业企业的集聚特征最为突出;③ 除分配性服务业企业外,其他类别港资服务业企业的空间分布受到不同因素影响,主要包括服务业发展水平和固定资产投资。