南迦巴瓦构造结的楔入及其地质效应

南迦巴瓦构造结由其核 喜马拉雅构造单元和周边的冈底斯构造单元、雅鲁藏布构造单元组成。喜马拉雅构造单元为构造楔入体,两侧发育有右旋和左旋走滑断层系,构成南迦巴瓦楔入同迦巴瓦构造结的楔入作用,使雅鲁藏布缝合线横推错位,形成滇藏涡旋构造,并为雅鲁藏布大峡谷的形成奠定了基础。南迦巴瓦楔入构造的形成一印度板块连续的向北汇聚推挤作用发生反时针旋转有关,并可分为点碰撞（４５Ｍａ前）、碰撞楔入（４５￣７Ｍａ）和旋     

怒江峡谷旅游业可持续发展研究

怒江大峡谷集世界稀有的自然奇观、原始人文景观和古老粗犷的民族风情于一体。是著名的三江并流区核心部份。高山峡谷、悬崖陡壁、高同湖泊、飞流瀑布、江心松、石月亮组成壮丽的峡谷奇观。上刀山、过火海、溜索飞越怒江天堑、剽牛仪式、原始共产主义的平均分配制度,竹、木、石器的原始生产工具、结绳记的始文化、千脚落地的房子、石板烤饼和野菜的原始佳肴等都是不可替代的旅游资源,开发加以建设可形成垄断的独具特色的旅游地。塑     

26Al and 10Be dating of late pleistocene and holocene fill terraces: a record of fluvial deposition and incision,Colorado front range

Cosmogenic ²⁶Al, ¹⁰Be, and ¹⁴C dating of fluvial fill terraces in steep canyons of the Colorado Front Range provides a temporal framework for analysing episodic aggradation and incision. Results from Boulder Canyon show that terrace heights above the modern channel (grade) can be divided into: (1) Bull Lake (≳100 ka; 20–15 m above grade); (2) Pinedale (32–10 ka; 15–4 m above grade); and (3) Holocene age (<4 m above grade). No pre‐Bull Lake deposits are preserved along Boulder Canyon, and only three small remnants >15 m above grade record Bull Lake deposition. Well‐preserved terraces of Pinedale age suggest that the range of terrace height above grade reflects short‐term fluctuations in the river profile during periods of rapidly changing stream load and power. Net river incision apparently occurred during transitions to interglacial periods. Soil development and stratigraphic position, along with limited cosmogenic and ¹⁴C dating, suggest that ∼130 ka terraces in Boulder Canyon correlate with the Louviers Alluvium, and that 32 to 10 ka fills in the canyon correlate with the Broadway Alluvium on the adjacent High Plains. Late Pleistocene incision rates (∼0·15 m ka⁻¹) along Boulder Canyon exceed pre‐late Pleistocene incision rates, and are higher than middle to late Pleistocene incision rates (∼0·04 m ka⁻¹) on the High Plains. This study provides an example of how modern geochronologic techniques allow us to understand better rivers that drain glaciated catchments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluvial sedimentary history of Arlington Canyon,Channel Islands National Park,California

Arlington Canyon, in the northwest part of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, California, has been the setting for important scientific discoveries over the past half century, including the oldest human remains in North America, several vertebrate fossil sites, and purported evidence of a catastrophic extinction event at the end of the Pleistocene. The canyon is filled with alluvial sediments that date to between 16.4 and 1.1 ka (thousands of calibrated years before present), representing accumulation that occurred primarily in response to rising sea levels during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The deposits are laterally discontinuous, exhibit a high degree of sedimentary complexity, and contain evidence of past climates and environments, including fossil bones, burned plant macrofossils, and invertebrate microfossils. Here, we show that it is critical to view the observations, data, and conclusions of scientific studies conducted in the canyon within this larger context so that localized facets of the spatially and temporally extensive alluvial deposits are not misinterpreted or misrepresented. By improving the baseline understanding of processes and drivers of sediment accumulation in Arlington Canyon, we hope to offer a solid foundation and better underpinning for future archeological, paleontological, and geochemical studies here and throughout the northern Channel Islands. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Pre-eruptive Conditions of the Huerto Andesite (Fish Canyon System, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado): Influence of Volatiles (C-O-H-S) on Phase Equilibria and Mineral Composition

Crystallization experiments at 400 MPa, oxidized condition (logfO₂= NNO + 1, where NNO is nickel–nickel oxide buffer) andover a range of temperatures (850–950°C) and fluidcomposition (XH₂O_in = 0·3–1) have been carriedout to constrain the storage conditions of the sulphur-richmagma of the Huerto Andesite (an anhydrite, pyrrhotite, andS-rich apatite-bearing, post-Fish Canyon Tuff mafic lava). Theresults are used to evaluate the role of fluids released fromthe crystallization of magmas such as the Huerto Andesite onthe remobilization of the largely crystallized dacitic FishCanyon magma body. Experiments were performed using the naturalandesitic bulk composition with and without added sulphur. Thepresence of sulphur slightly affects the phase equilibria bychanging the phase proportions, stability fields of plagioclase,pyroxenes and ilmenite, and also affects the plagioclase composition.Phase equilibria and mineral composition data indicate thatthe magma may have contained 4·5 wt % water in the meltand that the pre-eruptive temperature was 875 ± 25°C.Assuming that the magma was in equilibrium with a fluid phase,the CO₂ concentration of the melt is estimated to be in therange 2000–4000 ppm (at 400 MPa). Before eruption, theandesite had an oxidation state very close to, or slightly within,the co-stability field of anhydrite–pyrrhotite at NNO+ 1·1. At these conditions, the sulphur content in themelt is 500 ppm. Assuming open-system degassing resulting fromcontinuing crystallization at depth, most of the CO₂ dissolvedin the andesitic melt should be released after the crystallizationof <10 vol. % of the magma, corresponding to a cooling from875 to 825–850°C. Thus, the fluids released owingto crystallization processes should be mainly composed of waterat temperatures below 825°C. KEY WORDS: experimental study; andesite; volatile; Fish Canyon Tuff; Huerto Andesite     

Sedimentary labile organic carbon and pore water redox control on species distribution of benthic foraminifera: A case study from Lisbon-Setúbal Canyon (southern Portugal)

Rose Bengal stained benthic foraminifera were studied from 11 cores collected along two depth transects off southern Portugal: one in the Lisbon-Setúbal Canyon and the other along the canyon edge. The total standing stocks and distribution of foraminifera were investigated in relation to sediment and pore water geochemistry. Nitrate was used as a redox indicator, sedimentary chlorophyll a and CPE (chloroplastic pigment equivalents) contents as a measure of labile organic matter, and total organic carbon as a measure of bulk organic matter availability.The canyon sediments were enriched in organic carbon and phytopigments at all water depths in comparison with the canyon edge. Water depth seemed to control sedimentary phytopigment content, but not total organic carbon. No significant correlation was seen between pigment and total organic carbon content.The abundance of calcareous foraminifera correlated with the phytodetritus content, whereas a weaker correlation was observed for the agglutinated taxa. Therefore, calcareous foraminifera appear to require a fresher food input than agglutinated taxa. The foraminiferal species composition also varied with pigment content and nitrate penetration depth in the sediment, in line with the TROX concept. Phytopigment-rich (surficial CPE content >20 μg/cm³) sediments with a shallow nitrate penetration depth (∼1 cm depth) were inhabited by generally infaunal species such as Chilostomella oolina, Melonis barleeanus and Globobulimina spp. As the nitrate penetration increased to ∼2 cm depth in sediment and the pigment content remained relatively high (>15 μg/cm³), Uvigerina mediterranea and Uvigerina elongatastriata became dominant species. With declining CPE content and increasing nitrate penetration depth, the foraminiferal assemblages changed from the mesotrophic Cibicides kullenbergi-Uvigerina peregrina assemblage to the oligotrophic abyssal assemblage, mainly consisting of agglutinated taxa.     

基于无人机遥感的喀斯特高原峡谷区火龙果单株识别提取方法

基于小型无人机搭载可见光镜头作为数据获取手段，通过对比可见光波段差异植被指数（VDVI）、过绿指数（ExG）、过绿减过红指数（ExG-ExR）、归一化绿红差异指数NGRDI和绿叶指数（GLI）5种可见光波段颜色指数方法应用于喀斯特高原峡谷区典型经济作物火龙果植株识别的适宜性，结合可视化空间建模工具模型构建器，提出一种以单植株平均面积分割株丛的思想，对火龙果进行植株识别分割和单株提取方法研究，结果表明：1）VDVI相比EXG、NGRDI、ExG-ExR、GLI等植被指数更适宜作为火龙果的识别分割方法；2）当VDVI的OTSU阈值取0.037时，能最大程度地分割目标地物与背景地物；3）通过人机交互基地实测获取的实际株数与提取株数验证，获得火龙果植株单株提取精度为91.7%。结果证实：以低空无人机可见光波段影像为数据源，VDVI指数作为识别方法，株丛分割应用于喀斯特高原峡谷区火龙果的单株识别提取具有可行性。     

琼东南盆地井震地层对比分析及区域地层格架的建立

琼东南盆地历经断陷、断坳、裂后热沉降和裂后加速沉降等一系列的构造变动,沉积环境由始新世的滨海环境发展为现今的深水环境,形成了一套包括滨岸沉积、滨浅海沉积、陆架和陆坡沉积、以及半深海沉积的地层组合,具有良好的油气资源的生储盖条件,已成为当前油气资源勘探开发的重点区域。本文首先对盆地区域内钻井和地震剖面进行了主要地层界面(T20、T30、T40、T50、T60和T70)的识别和提取(点),继而结合连井地震剖面(线)和盆地区域过井地震剖面(面)对主要地层界面做了追踪对比分析,再依据古生物年代,建立了适用于琼东南盆地的区域地层年代格架。在琼东南盆地浅水区主要沉积了新近系地层(T60-T20),断裂基本不发育,地层厚度变化不大,极少有明显的上超和削截,局部地区发育有利于油气储集的三角洲沉积体系,表明琼东南盆地新近纪时期受构造作用影响较小。在深水区,新近系地层(T60-T20)和浅水区特征相似,仅反射特征有所不同;古近系地层(T100-T60)内部层序结构主要为楔状或近平行状,具有明显的上超和削截,地层厚度较大,断裂明显并导致地层错断,表明琼东南盆地深水区在古近纪时期主要受构造作用控制,并伴随着强烈的拉张和快速沉降作用,沉积环境主要为浅海。在近东西向的中央峡谷内存在有三期砂体:第一期砂体(井深3 528~3 336m,厚约192m)形成于距今11.6~5.5Ma(T40-T30),分布范围跨越中央峡谷的陵水-松南-宝岛段,沉积物构成包括浊积水道沉积、浊积席状砂、块体流沉积、深海泥质沉积、天然堤及漫溢沉积等;第二期砂体(井深4 100~3 900m,厚约200m)形成于距今5.5~4.2Ma(T30-T29),分布范围跨越中央峡谷的乐东-陵水段,以重力流沉积为主;第三期砂体(深度3 630~3 400m,厚约230m)发育于距今4.2~3.6Ma(T29-T28),分布于峡谷的乐东-莺东段,以浊积水道沉积为主。三期砂体在琼东南盆地中央坳陷带自东向西、由老到新依次展布,构成了良好的油气储层体。     

美国科罗拉多河高速水流实验对下游水生生态系统的影响及启示

科罗拉多河的适应性管理处于世界领先水平。美国为研究格伦峡谷大坝对下游水生生态系统的影响而进行了3次高速水流实验,取得了显著的生态效益,也积累了许多宝贵经验。分析显示,利益相关方参与是该实验成功的体制保障,跟踪监测与评估是实验成功的技术保障,闸坝适应性调度是河流保护与管理的有效手段。该实验的实施过程和效果对我国闸坝调度有许多有益的启示。例如,对下游水生生物和湿地生态系统的保护应作为闸坝调度的目标之一,应加强闸坝适应性调度的实验和研究,促进利益相关方参与河流保护与管理。