东喜马拉雅构造结多雄拉混合岩和花岗片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

位于东喜马拉雅构造结的南迦巴瓦岩群是研究喜马拉雅构造带基底演化的重要对象之一.在构造样式上,南迦巴瓦岩群为一个背形构造,该背形构造的核部由多雄拉混合岩和花岗片麻岩组成.本文开展了南迦巴瓦岩群多雄拉混合岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究.结果表明.多雄拉混合岩深色体的原岩形成年龄为1759±10Ma,浅色体的形成年龄为1594±13Ma,代表发生混合岩化的年龄.另外,一个多雄拉花岗片麻岩的原岩形成年龄为1583±6Ma,该年龄在误差范围内与区域发生混合岩化作用的时代相近,表明在混合岩化过程中存在着一定程度的地壳深熔作用.区域对比表明,低喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅构造单元内存在着明显不同的构造一岩浆事件,其中低喜马拉雅构造单元广泛存在1.6～1.8Ga的构造-岩浆事件.与之相对比,多雄拉混合岩和花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年代学说明南迦巴瓦岩群核部应属于低喜马拉雅结晶岩系,而明显不同于高喜马拉雅结晶岩系,这与西喜马拉雅构造结相似,表明东喜马拉雅构造结与西喜马拉雅构造结有着相似的地质演化.     

东喜马拉雅南迦巴瓦地区区域地质特征及构造演化

研究区位于喜马拉雅造山带的东构造结。本文以区域地质填图成果为基础 ,结合前人资料 ,首先对研究区进行了构造单元划分 ,其次对各构造单元的地质特征进行了总结 ,最后对构造演化和有关问题进行了探讨。结论为 :1南迦巴瓦地区可以划分为冈底斯—拉萨陆块、雅鲁藏布江缝合带和印度陆块 3个一级构造单元。以蛇绿混杂岩为代表的雅鲁藏布江缝合带呈向 NE凸的马蹄状连续分布 ;印度陆块由被称为南迦巴瓦岩群的高喜马拉雅结晶岩系单独构成 ,南迦巴瓦岩群由以含高压麻粒岩透镜体为标志的直白岩组、派乡岩组和多雄拉混合岩组成。2印度—欧亚板块碰撞的时间早于 70 Ma;2 3Ma以来主要断层的运动性质以伸展拆离作用为主 ;大约 5 Ma时发生了大规模的混合岩化和深熔作用。3地幔上隆是本区快速隆升的关键因素 ,但河流的作用同样功不可没     

雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区蛇绿混杂岩带初步研究

雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区主要有南迦巴瓦群（Ｐｔ１ｎｊ）、大拐弯群（Ｍｚ）和冈底斯群（Ｐｔ１ｇｄ）三个岩石地层单元。其中大拐弯群主检分布在楔入体的东缘,主要由变玄武岩／辉绿岩、辉石岩、镁质橄榄岩、石英岩和大理岩等组成,岩石类型和化学成分特征经绿岩套类似。但其岩石化学性质与典型的大洋中脊蛇绿岩判差别较大,形成环境为具有陆壳性质的中等－慢速扩张的小型洋盆,属陆间海／弧后盆地。自４５Ｍａ以来,该地区经历了强烈的     

东喜马拉雅构造结陆内变形过程的研究

在东喜马拉雅构造结识别出“南向挤出”与“北向楔入”两大构造。前者包括倾向北、头朝南的一条正断层和两条分别被称为上部和下部的逆冲断层。南迦巴瓦和派乡杂岩借助这些断层从北部的冈底斯构造单元之下向南折返至地表附近。后者包括一个北东走向的推覆体和两个北北东走向、南倾的低角度推覆体,将东久、南迦巴、派乡等杂岩又北(东)向楔入冈底斯构造单元之中。独居石TIMSU-Th-Pb测年表明“南向挤出”构造中的正断层和下部逆冲断层可能分别在7.9Ma、10.7Ma时活动。锆石SHRIMP与金云母K-Ar测年结果限定上部逆冲断层活动时限介于6.2±0.2Ma和5.5±0.2Ma之间,即“南向挤出"中的上、下两条逆冲断层为逆序的逆冲断层。锆石SHRIMP和角闪石Ar-Ar测年还表明东喜马拉雅构造结核心部位的“北向楔入”很可能发生于3.0Ma和1.5Ma之间。     

喜马拉雅造山带东构造结南迦巴瓦岩群地质年代学和前中生代构造演化

喜马拉雅造山带东、西两端分别有一个构造急剧转向的构造结.这里是整个喜马拉雅造山带中构造应力作用最强、隆升和剥露速率最快、新生代变质和深熔作用最强的地区.位于东构造结的南迦巴瓦地区可分为3个构造单元:冈底斯(拉萨)陆块、雅鲁藏布江缝合带和印度陆块.     

五台山晚太古代碰撞造山带构造演化

应用构造—岩性—事件法将五台山碰撞造山带划分为３个构造片体：弧前混杂岩带、古岛弧系和弧后混杂岩带。提出该造山带构造演化５个阶段：洋盆扩张阶段（＞２６００Ｍａ）;南部洋盆向微陆块下俯冲—微陆块转化为岛弧阶段（２６００～２５００Ｍａ）;弧前碰撞—弧后消减阶段（２５５０～２５００Ｍａ）;陆—陆碰撞阶段（２５５０～２４５０Ｍａ）;伸展作用阶段（２５００～２４００Ｍａ）。     

五台山晚太古代碰撞造山带构造演化

应用构造－岩性－事件法将五台山碰撞造山带划分为３个构造片体;弧前混杂岩带,古岛弧系和弧后混杂岩带。提出该造山带构造演化５个阶段：洋盆扩张阶段（〉２６００Ｍａ）;南部洋盆向微陆块下俯冲－－微陆块转化为岛弧阶段（２６００￣２５００Ｍａ）;弧前碰撞－弧后消减阶段（２５５０￣２５００Ｍａ）;陆一陆碰撞阶段,伸展作用阶段（２５０￣２４００Ｍａ）。     

喜马拉雅碰撞带的构造演化

通过对喜马拉雅碰撞带构造单元划分和组成的研究，从俯冲和碰撞带前缘加积作用，深层底辟和热隆扩展作用及岩石圈深物质流动－“回流”作用等３个方面阐明了喜马拉雅碰撞带的构造演化，提出了喜马拉雅碰撞带的构造演化模式－渐进式陆内变形模式。     

中国三叠纪中晚期—早更新世构造应力值的估算

选用具有测年数据的含石英或橄榄石的岩石，在透射电镜下观测位错密度，从而估算了中国三叠纪中、晚期—早更新世４３２个构造应力值（差应力值），初步发现在板块碰撞带或大断层带附近差应力值增大，而在板块内部则逐渐变小．在各构造期的晚期地壳上部平均差应力值也是不同的，印支期（２３０～２０８Ｍａ）为１０５．５ＭＰａ；燕山期（１７０～１３５Ｍａ）为９９．４ＭＰａ；四川期（１００～５２Ｍａ）为１０７．４ＭＰａ；华北期（３０～２３．３Ｍａ）为７６．７ＭＰａ；喜马拉雅期（１０～０．７３Ｍａ）为９２．６ＭＰａ．     

东喜马拉雅构造结大陆碰撞以来构造年代学框架及其与哀牢山-红河构造带的对比

东喜马拉雅构造结经历了前期楔入和后期垮塌变形.楔入事件发生于～60Ma、～23Ma和～13 Ma,垮塌开始于6～7Ma.哀牢山红河构造带同样经历早期走滑和后期正断,走滑年代分别为58～56Ma、23Ma和13Ma,后期正断开始于5.5 Ma.上述年龄的意义在于～60Ma的变形代表印度与欧亚大陆的初期碰撞;2 Ma为青藏高原及邻区的主变形期;13Ma的变形也代表一次汇聚事件,并形成青藏高原的东西向伸展.6～7Ma以后的垮塌作用代表了青藏高原的快速隆升.     

东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦岩群的解体

通过对研究区南迦巴瓦岩群的大比例尺填图工作，根据南迦巴瓦岩群的原岩建造、变质程度的不同、变形样式的差异，将其解体为在区域上具有可填性3套岩石组合——直白岩组、派乡岩组和多雄拉混合岩，三者之间均以构造面接触。     

雅鲁藏布江墨脱段隆升速率:来自黑云母Ar/Ar年代学证据

为揭示东喜马拉雅构造结及其周边区域完整地质演化过程,对采集自雅鲁藏布江墨脱段10块基岩样品进行黑云母40Ar/39Ar测年,并利用“Pecube”软件对年龄代表隆升剥露速率进行定量计算.样品黑云母40Ar/39Ar年龄范围为11.25~24.04 Ma,对应隆升剥露速率范围为0.25~0.51 km/Ma.雅鲁藏布江墨脱段地壳隆升剥露速率存在明显南北差异,北段隆升剥露速率高出约0.2 km/Ma.年代学数据及计算结果表明,与东喜马拉雅构造结内部相比,雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱段为地壳隆升剥露活动相对较弱区域.与喜马拉雅地体向拉萨地体俯冲过程相关北西、北西西走向逆断层活动,不仅在东喜马拉雅构造结内部区域发育,在其东侧雅鲁藏布江墨脱段也可能发育.      

Structural and Chronological Evidence for the India-Eurasia Collision of the Early Paleocene in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, Namjagbarwa

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa is a high-grade metamorphic terrain formed by the India-Eurasia collision and northward indentation of the Indian continent into Asia. Right- and left-lateral slip zones were formed by the indentation on the eastern and western boundaries of the syntaxis respectively. The Dongjug-Mainling fault zone is the main shear zone on the western boundary. This fault zone is a left-lateral slip belt with a large component of thrusting. The kinematics of the fault is consistent with the shortening within the syntaxis, and the slipping history along it represents the indenting process of the syntaxis. The Ar-Ar chronological study shows that the age of the early deformation in the Dongjug-Mainling fault zone ranges from 62 to 59 Ma. This evidences that the India-Eurasia collision occurred in the early Paleocene in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.     

GEOTECTONIC OF NAMCHE BARWA SYNTAXIS IN EAST TIBET, CHINA

GEOTECTONIC OF NAMCHE BARWA SYNTAXIS IN EAST TIBET, CHINA     

西藏冈底斯成矿带与俯冲-碰撞作用相关的斑岩铜矿的找矿方向

本文从构造-岩浆演化、典型矿床特征、构造-岩浆产物空间分布特征等方面,对冈底斯成矿带形成于195~80Ma的与俯冲-碰撞作用相关的斑岩(-矽卡岩)型铜矿的找矿方向进行了探讨。认为研究区与俯冲-碰撞作用相关的斑岩型铜矿大致可分为早-中侏罗世、晚侏罗-早白垩世、晚白垩世3个成矿时期,分别对应于雅鲁藏布江洋向北、班公湖怒江洋向南相向俯冲、班公湖怒江洋碰撞关闭、雅鲁藏布江洋向北持续俯冲、雅鲁藏布江洋向北晚期俯冲等构造-岩浆事件。与早期相向俯冲相关的雄村式矿床,在拉萨东部达孜-工布江达一带具有良好找矿前景;与中期俯冲-碰撞相关的多龙式矿床,在昂龙岗日、东恰错、桑日等火山岩浆弧区成矿条件较佳;与晚期俯冲相关的尕尔穷式矿床,在冈底斯东段和西段具有较大的找矿潜力。     

CARBONATITES FROM THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS: PETROLOGY AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

Most carbonatites occur in relatively stable, intra\|plate areas but some are found to occur in near to plate margins and may be linked with plate separation (Woolley, 1989). Although many carbonatites have been discovered to occur in the orogenic belts in recent years, most of these rocks are related to post\|orogenic magmatism, that is, the rocks occur in the specially extensional setting. Therefore it is unusual that such magmatic rocks occur in the typical convergent environment. Here we report carbonatites and associated ultramafic and mafic rocks in the core of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The eastern Himalayan syntaxis consists of three tectonic units: the Gangdise, the Yarlung Zangbo, and the Himalayan units, each of which is bounded by faults (Liu & Zhong, 1997). The Himalayan unit, the northernmost exposed part of the Indian plate, is divided into two complexes, the amphibolite facies complex in the south and the granulite facies complex in the north. The granulite facies complex in the Himalayan unit have been argued to experience high\|pressure metamorphism and represent materials buried to upper\|mantle depths (Liu & Zhong, 1997). The carbonatites and associated ultramafic and mafic rocks only occur in the granulite facies rocks and are divided into two belts: northern and southern belts.The northern belt extends at least 30km, and is about 20km in width. The southern belt extends several kilometers, and is 3km or so in width. Each belt consists mainly of differently compositional dykes, extending parallel to gneissosity of granulite facies gneiss. Carbonatitic agglomerates are observed in the northern belt. From the center of carbonatite dykes to country rocks, five types of rock are observed: the center parts of carbonatites, the rim parts of carbonatites, ultramafic and mafic rocks, altered rocks and country rocks. The gneissosity of country rock was deformed by intrusion of dykes.     

喜马拉雅西部雅鲁藏布江缝合带地壳尺度的构造叠置

陆陆碰撞过程是板块构造缺失的链条。印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞造就了喜马拉雅造山带和青藏高原的主体。然而,人们对印度板块在大陆碰撞过程中的行为尚不了解。如大陆碰撞及其碰撞后的大陆俯冲是如何进行的、印度板块是俯冲在青藏高原之下还是回转至板块上部(喜马拉雅造山带内)以及两者比例如何,这些仍是亟待解决的问题。印度板块低角度沿喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂(MHT)俯冲在低喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅之下已经被反射地震图像很好地揭示。然而,关于MHT如何向北延伸,前人的研究仅获得了分辨率较低的接收函数图像。因而,MHT和雅鲁藏布江缝合带之间印度板块的俯冲行为仍是一个谜。喜马拉雅造山楔增生机制,也就是印度地壳前缘的变形机制,反映出物质被临界锥形逆冲断层作用转移到板块上部,或是以韧性管道流的样式向南溢出。在本次研究中,我们给出在喜马拉雅造山带西部地区横过雅鲁藏布江缝合带的沿东经81.5°展布的高分辨率深地震反射剖面,精细揭示了地壳尺度结构构造。剖面显示,MHT以大约20°的倾斜角度延伸至大约60 km深度,接近埋深为70~75 km的Moho面。越过雅鲁藏布江缝合带运移到北面的印度地壳厚度已经不足15 km。深地震反射剖面还显示中地壳逆冲构造反射发育。我们认为,伴随着印度板块俯冲,地壳尺度的多重构造叠置作用使物质自MHT下部的板块向其上部板块转移,这一过程使印度地壳厚度减薄了,同时加厚了喜马拉雅地壳。     

试论西藏南部上三叠统复理石郎杰学群与涅如组

根据新资料结合前人的研究成果对西藏南部仁布以东上三叠统复理石两套地层郎杰学群和涅如组的岩层特征、化石面貌、碎屑组成、沉积特性、地球化学等方面进行了总结及分析.对比研究结果显示,除亚相、岩层厚度分布、砂岩与板岩比例、重矿物ZTR指数变化趋势有一定的差异外,郎杰学群和涅如组的其他十余项特性(颜色、岩性、碎屑组分、重矿物组成...     

Early Cretaceous subduction initiation beneath southern Tibet caused the northward flight of India

Collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates formed the ～2500 km long Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone and produced the Himalaya mountains and Tibetan plateau.Here we offer a new explanation for tectonic events leading to this collision:that the northward flight of India was caused by an Early Cretaceous episode of subduction initiation on the southern margin of Tibet.Compiled data for ophiolites along the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone show restricted ages between 120 Ma and 130 Ma,and their supra-subduction zone affinities are best explained by seafloor spreading in what became the forearc of a north-dipping subduction zone on the southern margin of Tibet.The subsequent evolution of this new subduction zone is revealed by integrating data for arcrelated igneous rocks of the Lhasa terrane and Xigaze forearc basin deposits.Strong slab pull from this new subduction zone triggered the rifting of India from East Gondwana in Early Cretaceous time and pulled it northward to collide with Tibet in Early Paleogene time.