ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY ON THE GENERATION OF RADAR ECHO BRIGHT BAND

In this study, the vertical profiles of radar refractive factor (Z) observed with an X-band Doppler radar in Jurong on July 13, 2012 in different periods of a stratiform cloud precipitation process were simulated using the SimRAD software, and the contributions of each impact resulting in the bright band were analyzed quantitatively. In the simulation, the parameters inputted into SimRAD were updated until the output Z profile was nearly consistent with the observation. The input parameters were then deemed to reflect real conditions of the cloud and precipitation. The results showed that a wider (narrower) and brighter (darker) bright band corresponded to a larger (smaller) amount, wider (narrower) vertical distribution, and larger (smaller) mean diameter of melting particles in the melting layer. Besides this, radar reflectivity factors under the wider (narrower) melting layer were lager (smaller). This may be contributed to the adequate growth of larger rain drops in the upper melting layer. Sensitivity experiments of the generation of the radar bright band showed that a drastic increasing of the complex refractive index due to melting led to the largest impact, making the radar reflectivity factor increase by about 15 dBZ. Fragmentation of large particles was the second most important influence, making the value decrease by 10 dBZ. The collision–coalescence between melting particles, volumetric shrinking due to melting, and the falling speed of raindrops made the radar reflectivity factor change by about 3–7 dBZ. Shape transformation from spheres to oblate ellipsoids resulted in only a slight increase in the radar reflectivity factors (about 0.2 dBZ), which might be due to the fact that there are few large particles in stratiform cloud.     

太阳大气中的光球亮点

首先是对太阳光球亮点近年来研究工作的总结。光球亮点是一种发生在太阳光球上宁静区域的的小尺度和短寿命增亮现象,平均直径在100～300knm之间,平均寿命约为几分钟。光球亮点的研究对于光球辐射和磁场性质的认识具有重要意义。过去的观测显示,绝大多数光球亮点的产生和演化与磁场,特别是光球上的小尺度磁场的演化密切相关,比如,两个同极性磁场的合并,或者反极性磁场的对消,或者一个同极性磁场的分裂,均可以促使光球亮点产生或消失。基于这样的观测结果,统计研究了2722个光球亮点(1600A)与光球上偶极磁元的关系,发现大约有1/3的光球亮点出现在偶极磁元中心附近。     

几种果树防冻措施效果的观测分析

对果农已采用稻草遮盖、套袋和准备采用遮阳网遮盖的防冻措施进行最低温度的对比观测.结果表明：用稻草遮盖防冻效果好;用遮阳网遮盖的防冻效果不佳;用编织袋和塑料袋进行套袋反而会加重冻害.防冻措施的观测值与相应的对比值相关密切.     

崇陵流域土石山区坡面优先流发育路径研究

大孔隙优先流对山坡产汇流过程有重要影响。为摸清太行山土石山坡不同坡位点(坡顶、坡中上、坡中、坡中下、坡脚)的大孔隙优先流发育路径规律,以崇陵流域的典型山坡为研究对象,采用亮蓝染色剂开展了野外双环入渗染色剂示踪试验,并从水平方向与垂直方向对比分析大孔隙优先流发育路径。结果表明:(1)从坡顶到坡脚,垂直方向优先流发育减弱,水平方向优先流增强。(2)坡中以下,大孔隙优先流水平发育明显;而坡中以上,垂直方向优先流发育明显,水平方向大孔隙优先流鲜有发育。(3)崇陵流域土山区坡面表层深度20 cm以上很少出现水平方向的优先流侧向补给,为垂直向下的活塞式下渗方式。20 cm以下开始出现水平方向的大孔隙优先流,30～70 cm为优先流发育显著区。以上结论可以为基于优先流的山坡产汇流模拟提供参考。     

烃渗漏引起的磁异常的提取与识别

本文对近年来国内外在烃渗漏与磁异常关系以及磁异常提取与识别技术领域取得的进展进行了论述与总结.利用磁异常寻找油气资源,特别是在圈划异常远景区方面具有经济、快速、有效的优势.但也存在多解性问题.为了有效判别异常源性质,本文提出利用人工神经网络作为以上方法补充的思路,可以作为磁法预测油气远景区技术流程中的一环,有助于减少多解性.     

海上多波多分量地震技术新进展与发展方向

中国海洋石油领域开展了首次海上多波多分量地震试验。试验效果是不错的,主要表现在烃类检测和模糊区成像上。同时充分利用已有资料对方位各向异性进行了初步的研究和探讨。从纵横波剖面的对比和频谱分析结果看,浅层横波的纵向分辨率高于纵波,中深层二者差不多。我国在多波的基础性研究方面还很欠缺,在许多方面还有待加强。     

Evaluating the Algorithm for Correction of the Bright Band Effects in QPEs with S-, C-and X-Band Dual-Polarized Radars

The bright band, a layer of enhanced radar reflectivity associated with melting ice particles, is a major source of significant overestimation in quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE) based on the Z–R(reflectivity factor–rain rate) relationship.The effects of the bright band on radar-based QPE can be eliminated by vertical profile of reflectivity(VPR) correction. In this study, we applied bright-band correction algorithms to evaluate three different bands(S-, C-and X-band) of dual-polarized radars and to reduce overestimation errors in Z–R relationship–based QPEs. After the reflectivity was corrected by the algorithms using average VPR(AVPR) alone and a combination of average VPR and the vertical profile of the copolar correlation coefficient(AVPR+CC), the QPEs were derived. The bright-band correction and resulting QPEs were evaluated in eight precipitation events by comparing to the uncorrected reflectivity and rain-gauge observations, separately. The overestimation of Z–R relationship–based QPEs associated with the bright band was reduced after correction by the two schemes for which hourly rainfall was less than 5 mm. For the verification metrics of RMSE(root-mean-square error), RMAE(relative mean absolute error) and RMB(relative mean bias) of QPEs, averaged over all eight cases, the AVPR method improved from 2.28,0.94 and 0.78 to 1.55, 0.60 and 0.40, respectively, while the AVPR+CC method improved to 1.44, 0.55 and 0.30, respectively.The QPEs after AVPR+CC correction had less overestimation than those after AVPR correction, and similar conclusions were drawn for all three different bands of dual-polarized radars.     

杭州“12·05”降雪天气过程的偏振雷达观测分析

国内利用新一代多普勒天气雷达已经开展了较多冬季天气过程的分析研究,但随着国内雷达网逐渐升级到双线偏振雷达,如何将偏振参量应用于冬季业务预报成为了目前需要解决的问题。利用杭州临安C波段双线偏振雷达观测的2015年12月5日一次降雪过程资料及地面和探空资料,通过提出的基于零度层亮带识别的降雪相态识别方法和降雪累计时间统计方法,分析了雷达参量、零度层亮带的时空演变及统计的降雪累计时间分布特征,并与地面和探空资料对比,探索了双线偏振雷达在冬季降雪预报中的优势。结果表明:(1)冬季降水相比夏季连续性降水回波强度偏弱;雨、雪的差分反射率因子、相关系数差别不大。(2)零度层亮带在某些方位并不是水平的,大多数情况下为偏离雷达站的不规则环状或者线状,且某些时刻还有垂直零度层亮带存在。(3)降雪累计时间分布与实际降雪厚度分布基本一致,统计方法为地区降雪厚度的估测提供了可能。(4)零度层亮带的演变与地面和探空温度的空间、时间变化一致,相比单极化雷达使用双线偏振雷达观测零度层亮带更加可靠。     

γ射线暴火球的演化与余辉

GRB主爆后，火球继续膨胀，根据暴后火球的动力学演化方程，考虑电子的分布随时间的变化，通过数值求解，得到光学R波段和X射线余辉与时间t的关系。计算结果与观测结果相比较，符合得很好。最后，还讨论了火球＋激波模型的不足。