马卡山不同植被群落下非饱和带大孔隙流路径示踪试验

为辨识在天然降雨条件下,植被发育斜坡非饱和带中具有优先流效应的大孔隙流路径,不包括死端大孔隙,分析两种植被群落下非饱和带大孔隙流路径分布模式差异及植被根系、有机质含量、土壤颗粒尺寸分布对大孔隙流路径分布模式的影响;选择亚甲基蓝作为染色示踪剂,结合降雨入渗模拟试验,在马卡山草本植被群落斜坡和木本植被群落斜坡开展染色示踪渗透试验。基于垂直开挖剖面采用图像处理技术获得大孔隙流路径分布模式图像。采用非参数检验分析大孔隙流路径差异。采用差方分析、回归分析法分析根系质量分数、有机质含量和颗粒尺寸分布对大孔隙流路径分布模式的影响。结果显示：木本植被群落斜坡大孔隙流路径分布模式更复杂,尺度更大;根系显著影响大孔隙流路径数量、尺度和分布特征,尤其是垂直向下和顺坡向下的根系,当根系尺寸增大时,其对大孔隙流路径影响更显著;有机质有利于团聚体间大孔隙的形成;黏粒、粉粒和砂粒对大孔隙流路径形成没有积极功效,但砾粒有利于大孔隙路径形成,尤其是在表土层;根-土界面和砾-土界面也是重要的大孔隙流路径。研究表明,可以通过根系分布形态、规模,有机质含量和砾粒含量综合评价植被发育斜坡大孔隙流路径分布模式。     

黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究

以神木生态观测站为例,利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分在空间三维不同方向和不同位置的空间变异性进行了研究,并对空间变异的尺度和时间依赖性等问题进行了探讨,以便为坡地水分管理和植被恢复提供参考。研究结果表明土壤水分在垂直方向和水平方向(垂直于坡长方向)的平均变异程度为弱变异;而在东西方向(坡长方向)、二维平面和三维空间上为中等变异性;土壤水分沿坡长方向从坡顶到坡脚表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上>坡中>坡下的趋势;土壤水分沿南北方向表现为阴坡>山脊>阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度为阳坡>阴坡;在40~200 cm土层深度内,土壤水分在垂直方向表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在各土层的变异程度与各层平均土壤水分成明显的正相关。     

坡地径流入渗机制对水文模拟的影响分析

建立了适用于栅格单元系统的基于运动波理论的降尺度新安江模型(KWXAJ)。在栅格单元中采用新安江模型计算产流,运动波模型进行坡面汇流演算。模型中,为考虑上游坡地单元入流的径流入渗(run-on)效应,在进行坡地产流计算时,降雨及上游坡面流及壤中出流被同时作为来水输入新安江模型。在运动波模型中,糙率系数依据土地利用方式及洪水量级确定。选取淮河史灌河流域黄泥庄以上集水区域,作为研究区域。用流域历史上的13次洪水过程来率定和验证此模型。研究表明,run-on机制对流域产汇流预测有重要影响,其显著影响流域内土壤蓄水量时空分布,进而改变产汇流机制。数据分析还显示,不考虑run-on机制将导致模拟洪峰滞后。     

基于FLAC-3D黄土边坡地震作用下动力响应数值分析

基于FLAC-3D有限差分软件建立一个典型的黄土边坡模型,分析地震动荷载作用下边坡的动力响应特性和动力失稳机制。边坡的水平位移图表明,地震作用下边坡坡脚位移向下,发生剪出变形,坡脚为薄弱部位;剪应变增量由坡脚逐渐向坡内、坡顶扩展,中部位置剪应变较静力作用下发生较大变化,塑性区从坡脚稍向上部位向坡体内部发展,范围增大;坡脚、坡面、坡顶和坡内等监测点的速度时程曲线表明,地震波在坡体内传播过程中具有滞后效应,同时,坡体对地震波具有临空面放大效应。     

大孔隙对径流过程影响的研究进展

大孔隙流是土壤优先流的一种,在植被发育区土壤大孔隙比较常见,对径流形成过程产生重要的影响。介绍了大孔隙流的研究方法,系统总结了近50年植被发育区土壤大孔隙对降雨入渗过程及径流形成过程的影响:从水分入渗的角度,大孔隙可以加快降雨入渗过程;由土壤大孔隙流与山坡产流的关系,大孔隙促进了边坡雨水的运动进而引起了快速产流;世界范围内的研究都表明土壤管流或大孔隙流是径流组分重要贡献者。     

季节冻土区地下水观测成果在流域产汇流理论研究中的应用述评

将山坡水文学产流机制——超渗地面径流、饱和地面径流、壤中径流和地下径流等成分的产流机制,概括为界面(不透水层)产流机制。介绍季节冻土区近地表地下水若干创新的观测成果,综述其在季节冻土区流域产汇流理论研究领域中的应用,建议水利、农业、气象、林业、地质等部门在季节冻土区近地表地下水观测方面通力合作。可以预期,季节冻土区近地表地下水观测成果在产汇流理论研究以及流域水文模型研制中得到进一步的应用。     

陇东地区湿陷性黄土工程地质特性研究——以白龙江引水工程为例

陇东位于黄土高原腹地,为我国典型的黄土地貌发育区,结合甘肃省白龙江引水工程,对陇东地区黄土工程地质特性进行研究,重点对与工程关系密切且具有湿陷性的中更新统(Q2)离石黄土及上更新统风积(Q32)马兰黄土地质特性进行分析,针对湿陷性黄土分布、厚度、变化规律和研究场地湿陷类型、地基湿陷等级,通过试验研究湿陷性黄土的物理力学性质及随深度的变化规律,研究结果表明:陇东地区黄土湿陷性随深度增加湿陷性逐渐减弱;湿陷系数随干密度的增大而减小,随孔隙比变小而逐渐减小,一般干密度≥1.42 g/cm3或孔隙比小于0.9的黄土,基本上无湿陷性;湿陷性黄土主要存在地基湿陷变形和黄土边坡稳定问题,应采取地基处理措施和防水措施、合理设置开挖坡比和马道,采取坡顶、坡面及坡脚排水等措施解决工程地质问题。研究结果对陇东地区水利工程的顺利实施具有重要的意义。     

基于DEM的等流时单元法在大流域分布式水文模型中的应用

等流时单元法是一种具有物理基础同时又非常简便的分布式流域汇流模型。若能应用于大流域,会显著提高大流域分布式水文模型的计算能力,可以扩展其在大流域分布式水文模型中的应用,降低其限制性。采用基于DEM的等流时单元法进行坡面汇流计算,即坡面汇流经河流两侧并入河道,河道汇流使用扩散波方程（USGS的河道汇流程序包SFR1）,将其推广到大流域分布式水文模型的应用之中。该方法与二维坡面汇流的扩散波数值方程相比较,能够节省计算时间。在伊通河中下游较大流域上试用结果表明,农安站计算与实测流量的最大相对拟合误差为13%,模型月流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.9。等流时单元法用于大流域分布式水文模型的坡面汇流是可行的。     

考虑动态汇流路径的时变分布式单位线

针对现有分布式单位线汇流理论未考虑土壤含水量变化引起的时变汇流路径问题, 提出动态汇流路径新概念, 推求同时考虑降雨强度和土壤含水量时空分布的坡面流速计算公式, 引入地形指数刻画流域蓄水能力空间分布, 从而获得栅格尺度流域流速分布场, 进一步建立不同蓄满状态下流域动态汇流路径集合, 最终实现考虑动态汇流路径的时变分布式单位线推求。以龙虎圩和东石流域为实例, 通过SCS模型计算产流量, 采用本文所提方法进行汇流计算, 引入涵盖低流量误差、高流量误差及洪量误差的多目标优化方法率定参数, 2个典型流域28场洪水预报结果表明, 洪峰流量相对误差在±15%内, 峰现时间误差在±6 h之间, 纳什效率系数平均值超过0.8, 与现有方法相比, 所提方法能更加准确地反映汇流时间分布场, 提高了洪水预报精度。     

基于Ward系统聚类方法的黄河上游干流地区滑坡分类及其特征分析

黄河上游干流地区滑坡分布广、规模大、体积大、突发性强,是我国乃至世界上非常有代表性的滑坡集中分布区。选取了坡顶、坡脚、岩性、长度、宽度、厚度、面积、体积、坡度、坡向、年均降雨量、日最大降雨量、原始斜坡坡高和原始斜坡坡度,采用Ward聚类分析法对126处滑坡样本进行分析,得到4类滑坡。在此基础上,分别统计分析了每类滑坡的各个指标的最大值、最小值、平均值和标准差,以定性和定量相结合的方法,分析了各类滑坡隐含的特征规律以及滑坡指标之间的相互联系。通过综合分析和对比得出了各个指标影响滑坡发育的显著程度,得出了滑坡的发育特征。并通过因子分析计算了各类滑坡的旋转成份矩阵,确定了影响各类滑坡发育的主次因素。研究结果表明:(1)第一类滑坡由坡顶和坡脚主导,坡顶在2 450~3 020 m,坡脚在1 980~2 905 m;(2)第二类滑坡发育主要受原始斜坡坡度控制,多数处于易发生滑坡的坡度范围30°~40°;(3)第三类滑坡主要受坡向和原始斜坡坡高的影响,多数滑坡位于阳坡,并且原始斜坡坡高在100~500 m;(4)第四类滑坡主要影响因素是坡度和日最大降雨量,坡体的坡度处于易发生滑坡的35°~37.5°范围内,滑坡所在区域的日最大降雨量大。研究结果证明Ward系统聚类对于该地区滑坡类型划分结果是有效的,具有一定的实用价值。     

Preferential water and solute transport through sandy soil containing artificial macropores

Macropores resulting from soil pedogenesis and biological activity play important roles in soil water and chemical transport. Numerous studies have examined individual macropores and the effects of their size on solute transport, but few have assessed the effects of macropore continuity and of neighboring macropores. This paper describes a laboratory investigation of the effects of macropores, with varying degrees and types of continuity, on the transport and distribution of solutes in a sandy soil from the northern Loess Plateau, China. Breakthrough curves were obtained from 60 cm tall, 2-D columns containing standardized artificial macropores using an input solution of 1,190 mg/L KBr and 100 mg/L FD&C Blue #1 under a constant hydraulic head of 8 cm. The types of macropore were: open at both the surface and bottom of the soil column (O–O); open at the surface, closed at the bottom (O–C); and closed at the surface, open at the bottom (C–O). Columns with no macropores served as a control. In the O–O columns the solution reached the bottom 10–50 times faster than in any other treatment, bypassing most of the soil matrix. The presence of an O–C macropore resulted in weak retardation and much deeper penetration of the bromide and FD&C Blue #1 solution than in the control columns. However, the C–O macropore had little effect on either breakthrough curves or solute distributions. In further experiments that considered neighboring macropores effects, an inclined macropore strongly affected solute concentrations in the profile around a nearby vertical macropore. It was concluded that the length, type and position of single macropores, and the presence of neighboring macropores, all affect soil water flow and solute infiltration parameters in a sandy loam soil.     

填埋场垃圾中优先流特征的染色示踪试验

生活垃圾具有大孔隙特性,垃圾中水分运动常表现出优先流特征。针对垃圾组成复杂、难以切片的特点,设计了一种能方便地得到垃圾染色剖面的试验方法。使用填埋场不同深度处的垃圾样进行染色示踪试验,对染色后的垃圾柱分别进行水平切片和竖向切片。基于数字图像处理技术,研究了垃圾中优先流特征。垃圾中大孔隙多、基质少,染色模式与土中不同,基质部分的染色比例较高。试验所得的染色面积比和染色深度能反映出垃圾中优先流的明显程度,染色面积比与参与优先流的大孔隙比例有关,染色面积比越大,优先流越明显,而染色深度与基质流比例有关,上部垃圾中基质流比例越低,入渗深度越深。不同入渗强度的试验结果表明,入渗强度越大时垃圾中优先流程度越高;不同初始含水率的试验结果表明,初始含水率高的垃圾试样中优先流更明显;不同埋深垃圾试样的试验结果表明,浅层垃圾中更易产生优先流。竖向切片与水平向切片所得规律完全一致,试验方法在实现垃圾染色示踪和切片研究的同时,未改变垃圾中优先流原有规律,准确揭示了垃圾中优先流特征。     

An experimental investigation to characterise soil macroporosity under different land use and land covers of northeast India

Saturated macropore flow is the dominant hydrological process in tropical and subtropical hilly watersheds of northeast India. The process of infiltration into saturated macroporous soils is primarily controlled by size, network, density, connectivity, saturation of surrounding soil matrix, and depthwise distribution of macropores. To understand the effects of local land use, land cover and management practices on soil macroporosity, colour dye infiltration experiments were conducted with ten soil columns (25 × 25 × 50 cm) collected from different watersheds of the region under similar soil and agro-climatic zones. The sampling sites included two undisturbed forested hillslopes, two conventionally cultivated paddy fields, two forest lands abandoned after Jhum cultivation, and two paddy fields, one pineapple plot and one banana plot presently under active cultivation stage of the Jhum cycle. Digital image analyses of the obtained dye patterns showed that the infiltration patterns differed significantly for different sites with varying land use, land cover, and cultivation practices. Undisturbed forest soils showed high degree of soil macroporosity throughout the soil profile, paddy fields revealed sealing of macropores at the topsoil due to hard pan formation, and Jhum cultivated plots showed disconnected subsoil macropores. The important parameters related to soil macropores such as maximum and average size of macropores, number of active macropores, and depthwise distribution of macropores were estimated to characterise the soil macroporosity for the sites. These experimentally derived quantitative data of soil macroporosity can have wide range of applications in the region such as water quality monitoring and groundwater pollution assessment due to preferential leaching of solutes and pesticides, study of soil structural properties and infiltration behaviour of soils, investigation of flash floods in rivers, and hydrological modelling of the watersheds.     

Effect of macropore tortuosity and morphology on preferential flow through saturated soil: A Lattice Boltzmann study

Unlike micropores where water moves upward or downward based on hydraulic gradient, in macropores, water flows predominantly downward due to the gravity. Therefore, models based on capillary flow are not capable of simulating macropore flow. There are attempts to model the macropore flow using two domains, one for capillary flow and another one for macropores. These models use Richard’s equation for capillary flow and Poiseuille’s law for macropores in which the macropore is approximated to be cylindrical or planar. This study quantifies the magnitudes of the errors induced by this assumption. Influence of macropore shapes and tortuosity was quantified by using a 3D Lattice Boltzmann model, which is capable of simulating fluid flow in micropores as well as macropores of cracked clays. Artificial macropores of constant sectional area and volume, but different shapes were generated in 3D and the influence of macropore shapes, shape related parameters, and tortuosity were systematically investigated. Macropore flow rate decreases with different shapes compared to cylindrical macropores and increase in aspect ratio of sectional shape leads to decrease in macropore flow rate. The maximum effect of bends/turnings along the tortuous macropore was about 25% on overall decrease of flow rate due to tortuosity. However, more detailed study is required on the influence of bends on macropore flow rate. The macropore flow rate reduces by about 70% for tortuosity of 1.41. A prediction equation is verified to predict the flow rate of different shapes and tortuous macropores based on straight cylindrical macropore using aspect ratio and tortuosity factor.     

Modelling of hillslope runoff processes

 The present study is aimed at modelling hillslope flows with emphasis on subsurface stormflows that involve macropores. The physical processes connected with the runoff process on a hillslope are identified. The components which are considered in modelling the hillslope flow are the nature of flows in the macropore and micropore domains, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the macropore network, the interaction between the domains, and the initiation of flow in the macropores. Both Horton and Dunne's variable source area generation mechanisms are explicitly incorporated in the model. The dominant physical processes governing hillslope runoff are conceptualized in terms of parameters which are derived from the physical properties of the soil, the nature of macropores, and hillslope geometry. The conceptualization of the model is then used to examine infiltration and runoff production. This helps to compute the development of the groundwater table, runoff hydrograph, and soil moisture profile. Received: 5 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997     

Effects of layered heterogeneity in subsurface geologic materials on solute transport under field conditions: A case study from northeastern Iowa, USA

In the Cedar River watershed of northeastern Iowa, USA, water quality in 17 out of 20 private wells indicates that groundwater is contaminated with nitrate from agricultural leachates. In nine of the wells, nitrate concentration exceeds the US Environmental Protection Agency recommended maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 45umg/L (as NO3 ^m) for drinking purposes. Solute-transport investigations determined that the surficial loam sediments, the Quaternary sand and gravel deposits, and the glacial till deposits form layered heterogeneity in the subsurface. The resulting conductivity contrast causes a capillary barrier, thereby altering the mechanisms of vertical tracer movement. Storm-water tracing with potassium bromide, corn fertilizer, and fluorescein dye indicates that macropore flow occurs only within the upper 0.9um of loamy sediments. An average breakthrough concentration of 204umg/L bromide at 0.3um depth on day 3 after the storm event supports the hypothesis of macropore flow in the surficial soils. Fluorescein dye was recovered at a depth of 0.3um with a peak concentration of 650u7g/L at approximately 5udays after the storm event. The loamy sediment layer is underlain by the Iowan Pebble Band, a pebbly layer admixed with sand, developed in post-glacial time. In the field experiments, preferential flow of the tracers was predominantly vertical within the loamy sediments but rapidly changed to a horizontal matrix flow upon entering the materials of higher saturated hydraulic conductivity in the Pebble Band. The Pebble Band is underlain by low-conductivity deposits of pre-Illinoian till. Even though the upper oxidized portion of the glacial till is reported to have macropores, the Pebble Band prevented deeper infiltration of storm water by maintaining a strong component of horizontal hydraulic gradient. Chemical data indicate that the Pebble Band is a hydraulic-conductivity boundary that abruptly changes the unsaturated-flow mechanism from macropore flow to matrix flow. Résumé Dans le bassin de la rivière du Cèdre, au nord-est de l'Iowa (États-Unis), la qualité de l'eau de 17 puits particuliers sur 20 montre que l'eau souterraine est contaminée par des nitrates provenant de lessivages agricoles. Dans 9 de ces puits, la concentration en nitrates dépasse la concentration maximale recommandée par l'Agence américaine de protection de l'environnement (EPA), fixée à 45umguNO3/L pour l'eau potable. Des études sur le transport de solutés ont montré que les sédiments détritiques (loamy) superficiels, les dépôts quaternaires de sables et de graviers et les dépôts morainiques constituent une formation hétérogène litée sous la surface. Le contraste de conductivité résultant constitue une barrière capillaire qui modifie les mécanismes réglant le mouvement vertical du traceur. Le traçage de l'eau d'une averse par du bromure de potassium, un engrais du maïs et de la fluorescéine indique que l'écoulement dans les macropores se produit uniquement dans les premiers 90ucm des sédiments détritiques (loamy). Une concentration moyenne de la restitution de 204umg/L de bromure à 30ucm de profondeur le troisième jour après l'averse va dans le sens de l'hypothèse d'un écoulement dans les macropores des sols superficiels. La restitution de la fluorescéine s'est produite à 30ucm de profondeur par un pic à une concentration de 650u7g/L environ 5ujours après l'averse. La couche de sédiments détritiques est recouverte par la couche de galets de l'Iowa, un niveau postglaciaire de galets mêlés à du sable. Au cours des expériences de terrain, un écoulement préférentiel des traceurs a été verticalement prédominant dans les sédiments détritiques (loamy), mais s'est rapidement changé en un écoulement matriciel horizontal en entrant dans les matériaux à plus forte conductivité hydraulique saturée dans la couche de galets de l'Iowa. Cette couche de galets est recouverte (underlain) par des dépôts à faible conductivité de la moraine pré-illinoyenne. Même si la partie supérieure oxydée de la moraine paraît posséder des macropores, la couche à galets empêche l'infiltration de l'eau de l'averse en introduisant une forte composante dans le gradient hydraulique horizontal. Les données chimiques montrent que la couche à galets se présente comme une limite de conductivité hydraulique qui change brutalement le mécanisme d'écoulement non saturé d'un écoulement en macropore en un écoulement matriciel. Resumen Se ha detectado una contaminación por lixiviados de nitrato de origen agrícola en 17 de los 20 pozos particulares muestreados en la cuenca del río Cedar, al Nordeste de Iowa (EEUU). En nueve de los pozos, el contenido en nitrato es superior a la concentración máxima admitida para agua potable (45umg/L), de acuerdo con los criterios de la Agencia Medioambiental de los Estados Unidos (USEPA). Mediante investigaciones de transporte de solutos, se ha podido caracterizar la heterogeneidad del subsuelo debido al contraste de conductividad hidráulica entre las tres capas identificadas: sedimentos margosos superficiales, depósitos Cuaternarios de arena y grava, y depósitos de till glacial. El contraste de materiales origina una barrera capilar que altera los mecanismos del desplazamiento vertical de trazador. Se ha utilizado bromuro de potasio, fertilizante de maíz y fluoresceína como trazadores del agua de tormenta. De esta forma se ha observado que el flujo a través de macroporos es significativo únicamente en la capa superior margosa de 0.9um. Prueba de ello es que se registró una concentración promedio de 204umg/L de bromuro, a una profundidad de 0.3um, tres días después del episodio de lluvia. Se midió asimismo un pico de fluoresceína de 650u7g/L, también a 0.3um, al cabo de cinco días. Bajo las margas se encuentra el nivel de cantos rodados de Iowa (Iowan Pebble Band), desarrollado en un período post-glacial, que consiste en cantos rodados mezclados con arena. Gracias a los experimentos de campo se pudo comprobar que hay un flujo vertical preferente de trazador en el estrato superior margoso, el cual se convierte de inmediato en horizontal (en la matriz) al encontrar el nivel de cantos rodados, cuya conductividad hidráulica saturada es mayor. Por debajo de los cantos hay depósitos de tillita pre-Illinoiense de baja conductividad. Aunque se han identificado macroporos en la parte superior oxidada de los depósitos glaciales, la existencia de un marcado gradiente horizontal en el nivel de cantos rodados actúa impidiendo la infiltración del agua de tormenta. Los datos químicos indican que el nivel de cantos rodados se comporta como un contorno de conductividad hidráulica que altera abruptamente el mecanismo de flujo no saturado, inicialmente a través de los macroporos del suelo, para convertirlo en flujo en medio poroso.     

九寨沟MS3.2级余震薛家坝坡体地震动响应特征

为研究余震对山体的地震动响应规律,在九寨沟薛家坝斜坡山体安装地震台阵,对斜坡表面以及斜坡内部不同深度地震动进行监测研究。M_S3.2级余震触发了山脚及山顶4台强震记录仪,数据揭示:位于斜坡表面凸出位置的山体地形,地震的放大作用明显,同时水平向的加速度峰值大于垂直方向;对比山脚,斜坡表面2#-1监测点加速度峰值PGA最大,阿利亚斯强度值放大5倍以上,放大效应最大的方向在垂直向,加速度达到2.48倍,阿利亚斯强度达到5.24倍;随着向山体内部水平深度的加深高位放大效应逐渐衰减,PGA最大值由洞口2.48下降到2.03,阿利亚斯强度响应系数最大值由洞口5.84下降到3.92;自坡体表面水平向内,各监测点加速度峰值逐渐减小,在0~25 m内自坡表面向内加速度峰值下降最快,坡体内部下降幅度变小;傅氏谱表明,山脚的频率成分范围0~50 Hz,主频值大小为23 Hz左右,2#-1监测点频率范围较山脚未有明显变化,但主频值明显减小,在5 Hz上下;在斜坡上洞口傅氏谱频率成分复杂,随洞口向洞内水平加深,各监测点幅值及频率成分逐渐降低的趋势。研究表明,在地震作用下,随着加速度幅值的增大,地震动能量会呈几何倍数的增加,且山体表面是地震动能量最大的位置,若短时间振动能量超过岩体的强度,则会出现崩塌、滑坡,同时对工程建设的安全有极大的影响。     

Effect of structure and texture on infiltration flow pattern during flood irrigation

Understanding the flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface soils is critically important in the fields of agricultural and environmental sciences. Dye tracer tests using a flood irrigation of Brilliant Blue FCF solution (5 g l^-1) and excavation method was performed to investigate the effect of texture and structure on the infiltration pattern at three different field soils developed from granite (GR), gneiss (GN) and limestone (LS). The GR soil showed a homogeneous matrix flow in the surface soil with weak, medium granular structure and a macropore flow along pegmatitic vein and plant root in C horizon. The surface horizon (A1) of GN soil with moderate, medium granular structure and many fine roots had matrix flow. The fingering occurred at the interfaces of sandy loam A horizon and loamy sand C horizon in GR soil and loam A1 horizon and sandy loam A2 horizon in GN soil. The LS soil with strong, coarse prismatic structure and the finest texture showed a macropore flow along cracks and had the deepest penetration of the dye tracer. The macropore (crack and vein), layer interface and plant root induced the preferential flow in the studied soils.