我国沿海城市应对气候变化的发展战略

我国沿海地区战略地位十分重要,并呈现“区域发展沿海化,沿海城市临海化”的趋势,但同时却面临着全球气候变化引起的海平面上升、极端气候灾害频发等诸多严峻挑战。为在战略层面解决我国向海发展的战略与全球气候变化的矛盾与冲突,文中提出了我国沿海城市应对气候变化的发展战略：确定了总体目标是建设适合我国国情的沿海气候弹性城市,提出了“规划引领、陆海统筹、主动适应、积极减排、适度冗余、增加弹性”的应对原则,明确了强化城市规划管控、控制空间发展方向、严控围填海造地、优化城市空间布局、提高规划设计标准、加强海岸防护设施、夯实城市基础设施和提升监测预警应急等8项重点任务。     

福建兴化湾围填海湿地景观生态影响研究

基于遥感与GIS技术,运用景观生态学的原理与方法,选取景观特征指数,通过历史回顾和类比分析,从景观自然性和景观破碎化两个方面,分析了兴化湾围填海工程对湿地景观生态造成的影响及其生态效应.历史上兴化湾围填海工程造成滩涂湿地景观萎缩、景观自然性急剧下降,斑块面积缩小、斑块隔离程度增大、景观破碎化程度加剧;兴化湾围填海规划的实施,将使得兴化湾湿地景观生态人工化与破碎化的趋势进一步加剧,其最终后果将可能导致兴化湾生物多样性下降、生态服务功能严重衰退.     

渤海湾水生态环境现状和海岸带开发对其的影响研究

由于沿海地区经济迅速发展，越来越多的陆源污水排入渤海湾，渤海湾生态环境系统承受着巨大的压力。本文建立了渤海湾生态环境的多级指标体系，并根据2003年至2005年多次渤海湾监测资料对其现状进行了分析；然后进一步研究了由于围海造地、海水淡化等开发工程引起的近岸海域水动力条件和污染物输移的变化。结果表明，陆源污染物大量排放、沿海开发活动加剧是影响渤海湾水生态环境的主要原因。沿海围垦不仅导致潮通量减少，潮流作用减弱，而且影响近岸海域污染物的输移和分布。海水淡化高浓度盐水的排放也对近岸海域的水生态环境造成很大的影响。     

Runoff generation and routing on artificial slopes in a Mediterranean–continental environment: the Teruel coalfield,Spain

The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms of runoff generation and routing and their controlling factors at the hillslope scale, on artificial slopes derived from surface coal mining reclamation in a Mediterranean–continental area. Rainfall and runoff at interrill and microcatchment scales were recorded for a year on two slopes with different substrata: topsoil cover and overburden cover. Runoff coefficient and runoff routing from interrill areas to microcatchment outlets were higher in the overburden substratum than in topsoil, and greater in the most developed rill network. Rainfall volume is the major parameter responsible for runoff response on overburden, suggesting that this substratum is very impermeable—at least during the main rainfall periods of the year (late spring and autumn) when the soil surface is sealed. In such conditions, most rainfall input is converted into runoff, regardless of its intensity. Results from artificial rainfall experiments, conducted 3 and 7 years after seeding, confirm the low infiltration capacity of overburden when sealed. The hydrological response shows great seasonal variability on the overburden slope in accordance with soil surface changes over the year. Rainfall volume and intensities (I₃₀, I₆₀) explain runoff at the interrill scale on the topsoil slope, where rainfall experiments demonstrated a typical Hortonian infiltration curve. However, no correlation was found at the microcatchment level, probably because of the loss of functionality of the only rill as ecological succession proceeded. The runoff generation mechanism on the topsoil slope is more homogeneous throughout the year. Runoff connectivity, defined as the ratio between runoff rates recorded at the rill network scale and those recorded at the interrill area scale in every rainfall event, was also greater on the rilled overburden slope, and in the most developed rill network. The dense rill networks of the overburden slope guarantee very effective runoff drainage, regardless of rainfall magnitude. Rills drain overland flow from interrill‐sealed areas, reducing the opportunity of reinfiltration in areas not affected by siltation. Runoff generation and routing on topsoil slopes are controlled by grass cover and soil moisture content, whereas on overburden slopes rill network density and soil moisture content are the main controlling factors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1961－2008年新疆奎屯垦区农业气候资源变化分析

根据新疆奎屯气象站1961—2008年的气候资料,采用线性回归和Mann-Kendall突变检测等方法,对近48 a的年平均气温、无霜期、≥0℃活动积温、≥10℃活动积温、日照时数、降水量、潜在蒸散量和蒸降差等农业气候要素的变化趋势和变化特征进行了研究,结果表明:(1)近48 a奎屯垦区年平均气温呈上升趋势;≥0℃活动积温与≥10℃活动积温增加;年日照时数减少;年降水量略增;年潜在蒸散量和年蒸降差显著减少。(2)奎屯垦区年平均气温于1972年以来发生了极显著的突变性升高,无霜期于1969年发生了较显著的突变性延长;≥0℃活动积温和≥10℃活动积温于1975年分别发生了显著的突变性增多;年日照时数于1983年发生了极显著的突变性减少;年潜在蒸散量和蒸降差分别于1984年和1983年发生了极显著的突变性减小,但年降水量未发生突变。     

Land reclamation in Egypt: A study of life in the new lands

For decades, Egypt has tried to increase its agricultural area through reclamation of desert land. The significance of land reclamation goes beyond the size of the reclaimed area and number of new settlers and has been important to Egyptian agricultural policies since the 1952-revolution. This paper examines from a micro-perspective, the life of Egyptians resettled in the new lands. The first part of the paper provides an introduction to the discourses of land reclamation, to the policies of reclaimed land distribution, and to the background of the settlers. The second part is based on fieldwork in a village in the new lands; it is inhabited by graduates who have received land under the Mubarak Project. The analysis shows that they move there in hope of making a better life especially for their children. Nevertheless, the settlers have difficulties building a sense of belonging to the new villages, and lack of good schools and other public services may cause families to split up. For some, however, resettlement in the new lands entails new social and economic possibilities. The paper concludes that while land reclamation may not be ecologically or economic sustainable, the new lands provide settlers with new opportunities.     

徐州矿区土地利用变化遥感监测及塌陷地复垦利用研究

基于1987、1994和2000年三期TM遥感图像,将徐州矿区土地利用类型划分为建成区、耕地、林地、水体、塌陷地和其他土地等6类,编制了3个不同时段的土地利用结构变化图;提取并分析了土地利用结构转移变化的矩阵信息和土地利用结构的动态变化.研究表明:采煤塌陷土地面积在不断扩大,年均增加率为6.33%,塌陷地复垦速度仍赶不上塌陷速度.着眼于技术、规划、资金和管理等方面的综合视角,探明塌陷土地复垦的工程技术措施和对策,对于进一步加大土地复垦力度,促进矿区土地资源可持续利用,具有重要的现实意义和价值.     

围海造陆条件下排海高温浓盐水对渤海湾温盐场分布影响模拟及预测

自2000年以来围绕渤海湾的围海工程剧增，致使工程区附近潮流场发生变化，进而影响排海高温浓盐水的时空分布特征。本文通过建立2000年和2015年两种不同岸线、地形条件下的三维数学模型对渤海湾沿岸3个电厂高温浓盐水表层排海问题进行模拟，研究结果表明，渤海湾的潮流场和高温浓盐水输移扩散特征在近十几年发生了较大变化:工程后，渤海湾平均盐度增大0.203，平均温度升高了0.105℃，同时曹妃甸附近海域浓盐水输移扩散速度明显增加。增大排放口流量至12.7 m3/s，湾内最高温度为26.46℃，较2015年最高温度增加了2.72℃。本文模型可准确模拟及预测排海废水盐度、温度分布特征，为合理布置水电联产设备排放口的位置提供理论基础。     

基于多源数据的山东省围填海造地特点及发展趋势研究

文章基于文献资料分析、官方数据汇总、国产高分辨率资源卫星遥感影像信息提取以及发展趋势研判等方法,对改革开放以来山东省全海域范围内围填海造地的历史发展、现状特征、发展趋势及其对生态环境的影响进行了分析和总结,并提出相关的政策建议。研究表明:改革开放以来,山东省围填海造地累计已超过4.58万hm~2。21世纪以来围填海造地进入快速增长时期,尤其是2010年以来,全省围填海造地又掀起了一次新的热潮,其面积和速度都远远超过了历史水平。鉴于围填海造地对环境和生态的巨大影响,文章提出了加强管理、严格环境影响评价、引入生态环境补偿机制以及建立分级填海评估制度和年度监测机制等建议。     

基于遥感数据的建三江垦区城镇用地扩张时空特征及驱动力分析

在RS和GIS的支持下集成多源数据,重建了建三江垦区下辖农场1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年4个时期的城镇用地格局。应用动态度模型等探讨了建三江垦区城镇用地扩张的时空特征及区域差异,分析了其驱动因素。结果表明：① 1990~2015年,建三江垦区城镇用地面积增加了3 237.5 hm²,平均扩张速率为130 hm²/a,扩张速率最显著的阶段是2000~2010年。② 垦区下辖农场城镇用地扩张时空差异明显,建三江管局所在城镇扩张面积最大;浓江农场扩张相对比例最大;动态度模型分析发现二道河农场扩张速度最快,勤得利农场的城镇用地扩张速率最慢,扩张面积最小。③ 建三江垦区以农场为城镇单元的建设用地扩张模式主要为线性轴状扩张。④ 城镇人口数量、经济水平的不断提升、产业结构的优化与区域政策极大地促进了垦区城镇用地的扩张,交通条件是城镇扩张速率和模式的重要影响因素。