长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)不同组织中蛋白酶的分布及冷藏过程中酶活力与鲜度变化

以长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为研究对象,采用酶活力测定和Western blotting鉴定牡蛎不同组织中氨肽酶、胰蛋白酶型丝氨酸蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶等几种主要蛋白酶的分布,探讨牡蛎肉在4°C冷藏过程中酶活力和鲜度指标的变化规律。结果显示:在牡蛎的外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌和性腺-内脏团四种组织中,亮氨酸氨肽酶、丙氨酸氨肽酶、精氨酸氨肽酶均有较高酶活力;胰蛋白酶型丝氨酸蛋白酶主要分布于性腺-内脏团,在另外三种组织中活性较低;组织蛋白酶B和B+L绝大部分在性腺-内脏团中表达。在4°C冷藏过程中,酶活力发生明显变化,经7d冷藏后,性腺-内脏团中亮氨酸氨肽酶的酶活力为初始值的25.15%,丙氨酸氨肽酶的酶活力为初始值的31.65%,精氨酸氨肽酶的酶活力为初始值的23.19%;组织蛋白酶B和B+L的酶活力分别是初始值的2.59和4.23倍;胰蛋白酶型丝氨酸蛋白酶酶活力上升44%。随着冷藏时间的延长,牡蛎的鲜度指标发生变化:牡蛎pH值呈现先降低,9d后上升的趋势;氨基酸态氮含量由初始的(0.26±0.05)g/100g增加至第7d的(0.31±0.03)g/100g;挥发性盐基氮含量从(5.60±0.64)mg/100g上升至第7d的(17.50±0.37)mg/100g;SDS-PAGE分析显示,牡蛎冷藏过程中四种组织的蛋白质均发生了不同程度的降解。本研究揭示了牡蛎在短期冷藏过程中几种主要蛋白酶和鲜度指标的变化规律,为牡蛎的冷藏保鲜提供了参考。     

LED补光对温室黄瓜幼苗抗衰老及抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究补光时间与光质对设施作物抗衰老及抗氧化能力的影响,对于充实光质效应理论和优化补光技术有重要意义。研究了补光2、4、8 h及蓝光(B)、红光(R)、白光(W)和红蓝复合光(R:B＝7:3和8:2)对温室黄瓜幼苗光合色素、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:与自然光照相比,补光可显著提高黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,其中以补光4 h红蓝复合光处理(7R/3B和8R/2B)效果最为显著;补光可提高黄瓜幼苗可溶性蛋白含量,其中,以蓝光效果最好。补照4 h蓝光可以明显提高黄瓜幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白的含量及保护酶(过氧化物酶POD、超氧化物歧化酶SOD、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX、过氧化氢酶CAT)活性,并且使MDA的含量保持相对较低的水平,从而可以有效延缓叶片衰老。     

Effect of cadmium on the defense response of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to Listonella anguillarum challenge

Heavy metal pollution can affect the immune capability of organisms.We evaluated the effect of cadmium(Cd) on the defense responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to Listonella anguillarum challenge.The activities of several important defensive enzymes,including superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),acid phosphatase(ACP),Na+,K+-ATPase in gills and hepatopancreas,and phenoloxidase-like(POL) enzyme in hemolymph were assayed.In addition,the expression levels of several genes,including heat shock protein 90(HSP90),metallothionein(MT),and bactericidal/permeability increasing(BPI) protein were quantified by fluorescent quantitative PCR.The enzyme activities of SOD,ACP,POL,and GPx in hepatopancreas,and the expression of HSP90 were down-regulated,whereas GPx activity in the gill,Na+,K+-ATPase activities in both tissues,and MT expression was increased in Cdexposed oysters post L.anguillarum challenge.However,BPI expression was not significantly altered by co-stress of L.anguillarum infection and cadmium exposure.Our results suggest that cadmium exposure alters the oysters’ immune responses and energy metabolism following vibrio infection.     

Optimal content and ratio of lysine to arginine in the diet of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The optimal quantity of dietary lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg), and the optimal ratio of dietary Lys to Arg for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. Coated Lys and Arg were added to a basal diet (37.99% crude protein and 7.28% crude lipid) to provide graded levels of Lys and Arg. The experimental diets contained three Lys levels (2.51%, 2.11%, and 1.70% of total diet), and three Arg levels (1.41%, 1.80%, and 2.21% of total diet) and all combinations of these levels were tested. Pacific white shrimp, with a mean weight of 3.62±0.1 g, were randomly distributed in 36 fiberglass tanks with 30 shrimp per tank and reared on the experimental diets for 50 days. After the feeding trial, the growth performance, survival, feed conversion rate (FCR), body composition and protease and lipase activities in the hepatopancreases of the experimental shrimps were determined. The results show that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), FCR, body protein, body Lys and Arg content were significantly affected by dietary Lys and Arg (P <0.05) and improved when dietary Lys and Arg levels were 2.11% ～ 2.51% and 1.80%～2.21%, respectively. Protease and lipase activities in the hepatopancreases of the shrimps appeared higher when dietary Lys and Arg quantities were 2.11% ～2.51% and 1.80%～2.21%, although the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Therefore, according to our results, the optimal Lys and Arg quantities in the diet of Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei, were considered to be 2.11%–2.51% and 1.80%–2.21%, respectively, and the optimal ratio to be 1:0.88–1:1.05.     

海洋平肝潜阳中药石决明对血管紧张素转化酶抑制作用研究

为研究海洋平肝潜阳中药石决明的降血压活性,采用高效液相色谱法,体外测定石决明对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制作用。以马尿酰-组氨酰-亮氨酸为反应底物,血管紧张素转化酶为催化剂,反应所生成的马尿酸为测定指标,未加酶抑制剂的反应为空白对照。采用Waters C18色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,流速0.6mL·min-1,检测波长228nm,进样量10μL;马尿酸在0.005～1.000mmol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.999 9),最低检测限为0.2μmol·L-1,对马尿酸的回收率范围为95.0%～102.8%。将方法应用于海洋中药石决明的ACE抑制活性测定,其IC50值为49.20mg·mL-1。本研究为石决明治疗肝阳上亢型高血压的机制和有效成分的深入探讨提供一定依据。     

土壤呼吸的温度敏感性

土壤呼吸是指土壤释放CO₂ 的过程,它所释放出的CO₂ 是生物圈向大气圈释放CO₂ 的主要来源之一。土壤呼吸速率对温度变化的敏感性是陆地生态系统碳循环过程中一个十分重要的环节。由于许多大尺度碳循环模型中都涉及土壤呼吸的温度敏感性这一问题,因此对该问题的回答有助于提高对当前陆地生态系统碳通量的估算和对 未来气候变化预测的准确性。本文就目前土壤呼吸速率对温度变化的敏感性的主要问题进行了综述,从温度、水分、呼吸底物的数量和质量、酶促反应动力学等几个不同的方面,概述了土壤呼吸温度敏感性的变异范围较大的原因,以及这些因素对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性影响的机理。土壤呼吸是酶促的化学反应,因此其温度敏感性不仅取决于呼吸底物的质量,同样也取决于底物的有效性。     

海带渣资源化利用及在小球藻培养中的应用研究

海带渣是海带加工中的固体废弃物,将其资源化利用生产高附加值产品具有重要意义.文章以海带渣为原料,糖化液的总还原糖质量浓度、单糖组成和小球藻培养效果为主要评估指标,探究不同预处理方法对海带渣酶解的影响,以及海带渣资源化利用培养微藻工艺的可行性.结果 显示:(1)粗纤维和灰分是海带渣主要组成成分;(2)常温常压稀硫酸预处理...     

人体对未破壁花粉消化过程实验分析

花粉是一种营养价值极高的天然保健食品。人体食用花粉是否需要破壁,历来有争议。选用玉米、油菜、荷花、荞麦、芝麻、茶花花粉进行人体直接食用与模拟人体不同消化酶消化的对比实验。结果表明：花粉不需破壁即可被人体消化,消化率在90％以上,人体保健花粉的最佳用量为5g／d。     

贵阳次生林不同演替阶段土壤微生物生物量与反硝化酶活性的研究

土壤营养元素赋存状态和微生物活性是喀斯特地区生态恢复的关键质量指标,温室气体N2O的排放是全球变暖的重要因子。研究了雨季贵阳不同演替阶段森林表层土壤（0～10cm）微生物生物量（SMB）、反硝化酶活性（DEA）、无机氮（N）库和N转化特征,并与玉米地、茂兰喀斯特原始森林土壤做了对比分析。结果表明,微生物群落对土壤水分条件响应强烈,土壤有效N的增加有助于微生物群落的增长,土壤N转化速率越快,微生物N同化作用越低。人为干扰（火烧和农业活动）会增加或降低土壤SMB、增加潜在的气态N流失。总的来说,不同演替阶段土壤SMB、DEA和土壤N库均有显著差异,随植被恢复土壤SMB呈上升趋势,温室气体N2O的排放量呈下降趋势,气态N流失形态从N2O转变为N2,N循环过程趋于优化,表明自发演替是退化喀斯特森林恢复的可靠方式。     

Variations of ion-transport enzyme activities during early development of the shrimps <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marsupenaeus japonicus</Emphasis>

The ion-transport enzyme activities were studied in the nauplii 1–2, zoea 1–3, mysis 1–3, and postlarva 1–7 of the shrimps Marsupenaeus japonicus and Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that total ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and V-ATPase (V-type H⁺-ATPase) activities increased during the early development for both the species, from zero in nauplii to stable levels after zoea stage. The enzyme activities of the latter species were significantly higher than those of the former species after zoea stage (F>F _0.05). The contributions of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase to the total ATPase activity of the two species varied in different developmental stages and accounted for 40%–70%, 22%–46% and 2%–13% in M. japonicus from zoea to postlarva stage, whilst the shares of them were 42%–69%, 28%–44% and 2.5%–22%, respectively in F.chinensis. These findings suggest the possible culture of the two species with varying water quality, especially the salinity and pH.