屋檐冰柱初期生长规律实验分析

屋檐冰柱是中高纬度地区常见的冰现象, 其破碎断裂可能对人们的生产和生活带来不利影响。同样在桥梁工程、 隧道工程和输电工程中也经常受到冰柱的影响, 造成危险和工程设施的损害, 但由于缺乏对冰柱生长发育规律的探索, 导致冰柱冰害防治及处理方式仅以机械破坏和加热为主, 成本较高。利用室外实验获取屋檐冰柱的初步生长发育规律, 以此指导在低温室内利用金属载体精准滴定模拟屋檐冰柱初期生长规律实验。实验中通过观测水滴流速及冰柱形成速率（长度、 直径和冰重）, 得出了冰柱性状和时间、 供给水量的相互关系。结果表明： 屋檐冰柱形成和水流分布受冰柱发育程度的影响, 冰柱表面水流流速与冰柱发育过程之间存在互馈关系, 冰柱形态阻力与径流集中产生的流速增量又影响着冰柱发育速度。试验过程及试验数据不仅仅对屋檐冰柱具有解释分析的作用, 对其他工程实际也具有指导意义, 可为屋檐冰柱的防治方法研究提供依据和借鉴。     

冰层回转钻进钻头切削具温度理论计算分析

极地冰盖底部暖冰层冰的脆性小而粘弹性大,且温度和压力较高,可钻性差。回转钻进时产生的切削热量极易使冰屑处于熔融或半融状态,致使冰屑相互聚结成团,甚至会在钻具局部位置再次冻结,导致孔内事故频发。为了解冰层回转钻进时切削具的温度变化规律,本文对切削具的受力特性和传热规律进行了理论研究,建立了钻井液循环条件下切削具温度计算理论模型,对切削具的温度变化及影响因素进行了深入分析。结果表明,回转速度、切削深度、冰与切削具间的摩擦系数、切削具刃前角及冰的抗剪强度等参数对切削温度均有重要影响,而低温钻井液虽有良好的冷却、降温效果,但仍可使切削具温度升温2～5 ℃,为暖冰层钻进带来不利影响,需深入优化钻进参数组合。     

利用卫星遥感和再分析数据刻画2017-2018年格陵兰北部罕见冰间湖事件

以90%海冰密集度为阈值,基于卫星遥感数据,2017-2018年冰季在格陵兰北部识别了两次冰间湖事件,分别出现在冬季和夏季。冬季的冰间湖事件从2018年2月20日持续至3月3日,夏季的事件从8月2日持续到9月5日。AMSR2被动微波的海冰密集度产品表明,冬季和夏季冰间湖事件对应的最低海冰密集度分别为72%和65%。两次冰间湖事件都与格陵兰北部东西气压梯度异常引起的南风加强有关,而气压梯度的异常则与对流层中部极涡的扰动有关。冬季冰间湖事件期间,相对暖和的气温和频繁出现的冰间湖,导致冬季海冰生长不持续,海冰热力增厚较小,这为夏季海冰发生破碎并形成冰间湖创造了条件。南风减弱和新冰生成是冬季冰间湖消失的主要原因。对于夏季的冰间湖,导致其消失的主要原因则是从北部输入的浮冰增加。Sentinel-1 合成孔径雷达产品相对AMSR2被动微波观测产品更加适合于应用到冰间湖事件伴随的新冰生长,这与前者具有更高的空间分辨率有关。格陵兰北部是北冰洋多年冰的聚集地,该区域被认为是北冰洋海冰的“避难所”。因此区域在2017-2018年出现罕见的冰间湖事件,对于整个北冰洋海冰的快速减少具有重要意义,也助于北冰洋海冰,尤其是多年冰的消退。     

Influence of Ice Size Parameter Variation on Hydrodynamic Performance of Podded Propulsor

During ice-breaking navigation, a massive amount of crushed ice blocks with different sizes is accumulated under the hull of an ice-going ship. This ice slides into the flow field in the forward side of the podded propulsor, affecting the surrounding flow field and aggravating the non-uniformity of the propeller wake. A pulsating load is formed on the propeller, which affects the hydrodynamic performance of the podded propulsor. To study the changes in the propeller hydrodynamic performance during the ice podded propulsor interaction, the overlapping grid technique is used to simulate the unsteady hydrodynamic performance of the podded propulsor at different propeller rotation angles and different ice block sizes. Hence, the hydrodynamic blade behavior during propeller rotation under the interaction between the ice and podded propulsor is discussed. The unsteady propeller loads and surrounding flow fields obtained for ice blocks with different sizes interacting with the podded propulsor are analyzed in detail. The variation in the hydrodynamic performance during the circular motion of a propeller and the influence of ice size variation on the propeller thrust and torque are determined. The calculation results have certain reference significance for experiment-based research, theoretical calculations and numerical simulation concerning ice podded propulsor interaction.     

针对红沿河核电站冷源取水海冰堵塞风险的数值模拟预警设计初探

由于经验和技术缺失,我国冰区滨海核电站的冷源取水安全受到海冰的威胁。数值模拟预警是建立和完善核电冷源取水安全保障系的关键部分。本文以辽东湾东岸的红沿河核电站为例,介绍了 3 种主要的核电冷源安全海冰致险模式,给出了 不同致险模式的数值模拟预警流程,并对数值模拟范围的选取进行重点阐述。结果表明,满足 24 h 预警需求的海冰数值模拟范围面积在数百甚至数千平方公里以上,较大的模拟范围与高网格分辨率对运算能力提出了较高的要求,是目前该数值模拟预警需要解决的突出问题。     

基于机械学习理论的海冰风险短期预报研究

海冰管理是抵御寒区海洋资源开发海冰威胁的有效手段,海冰风险的准确、快速预测是海冰管理系统的关键组成部分。文中面向海冰管理中的冰情短时预测需求,明确了基于现场监测的海冰风险预测模式,开展了应用机械学习理论的海冰风险短时预测方法研究,并以渤海辽东湾海冰管理为例,讨论了神经网络与小波分解等非线性预测方法在冰情短时预测中的适用性。结果表明,时间序列小波神经网络在短时(6 h)冰厚预测中的预测精度与Elman神经网络相仿,而在24~48 h预测中的精度偏差较大;Elman神经网络在6 h、24 h与48 h的冰厚预测中均能保持较好的预测精度,在冰流速与来冰方向预测中,模型预测精度达到80%左右。     

Preliminary results on relationship between thermal diffusivity and porosity of sea ice in the Antarctic

The in situ sea-ice temperature, salinity and density observed from Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station have been applied to calculate the vertical profile of sea ice porosity. Based on numerical method, a number of schemes on sea-ice thermal diffusivity versus porosity have been accessed and one optimized scheme is identified by an optimal control model with an advanced distributing parameter system. For simplicity, the internal heating source item was neglected in the heat conduction equation during the identification procedure. In order to illustrate the applicability of this identified scheme, the vertical ice temperature profiles have been simulated and compared with measurements, respectively by using identified scheme and by classical thermodynamic formulae.The comparisons indicated that the scheme describing sea-ice thermal diffusivity and porosity is reasonable. In spite of a minor improvement of accuracy of results against in situ data, the identified scheme has a more physical meaning and could be used potentially in various applications.     

2008年南方冰雪过程对生态环境影响的遥感监测——以湖南省资兴市为例

2008年1月中下旬至2月上旬,我国南方地区出现了大范围、长时间的强降雪及冰冻灾害。这次冰冻雨雪灾害,不仅对广大人民群众的生活和社会经济运行造成了极大破坏,而且对当地生态环境也产生了深刻影响。本文以湖南省资兴市为例,运用遥感技术和地面野外调查相结合的方法,监测了本次冰雪过程对当地生态环境的影响。监测发现:本次冰雪过程对植被覆盖破坏显著,植被指数呈较大范围降低趋势,降低区域的总面积占资兴市土地总面积的54.12%;森林生态系统受损严重,除灌木林外302.2万亩森林全部受灾,其中,针叶林比阔叶林严重,幼龄林比成熟林严重,外来种比乡土树种严重,人工林比天然林严重;冰雪过程后土壤含水量增加、边坡失稳,地质灾害危险程度明显增高,工程建设区和林缘陡坡地带以滑坡(崩塌)为主的地质灾害频频发生。     

卫星遥感影像对海洋监测能力的评估分析——以渤海海区为例

比较了不同卫星遥感影像的海洋监测优劣,分析了MOD IS数据海洋监测能力评估的可行性,并阐述评估了技术方法和流程。以渤海为例,依据MOD35源数据,通过数据预处理、典型区选取,统计分析影像覆盖率及云覆盖面积百分率,表明了对渤海常规、季节性,以及应急等诸种海区要素监测的不同效果,弥补了以往类似工作的迟后性。     

Geophysics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea: A review

With improved observation methods, increased winter navigation, and increased awareness of the climate and environmental changes, research on the Baltic Sea ice conditions has become increasingly active. Sea ice has been recognized as a sensitive indicator for changes in climate. Although the inter-annual variability in the ice conditions is large, a change towards milder ice winters has been detected from the time series of the maximum annual extent of sea ice and the length of the ice season. On the basis of the ice extent, the shift towards a warmer climate took place in the latter half of the 19th century. On the other hand, data on the ice thickness, which are mostly limited to the land-fast ice zone, basically do not show clear trends during the 20th century, except that during the last 20 years the thickness of land-fast ice has decreased. Due to difficulties in measuring the pack-ice thickness, the total mass of sea ice in the Baltic Sea is, however, still poorly known. The ice extent and length of the ice season depend on the indices of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. Sea ice dynamics, thermodynamics, structure, and properties strongly interact with each other, as well as with the atmosphere and the sea. The surface conditions over the ice-covered Baltic Sea show high spatial variability, which cannot be described by two surface types (such as ice and open water) only. The variability is strongly reflected to the radiative and turbulent surface fluxes. The Baltic Sea has served as a testbed for several developments in the theory of sea ice dynamics. Experiences with advanced models have increased our understanding on sea ice dynamics, which depends on the ice thickness distribution, and in turn redistributes the ice thickness. During the latest decade, advance has been made in studies on sea ice structure, surface albedo, penetration of solar radiation, sub-surface melting, and formation of superimposed ice and snow ice. A high vertical resolution has been found as a prerequisite to successfully model thermodynamic processes during the spring melt period. A few observations have demonstrated how the river discharge and ice melt affect the stratification of the oceanic boundary layer below the ice and the oceanic heat flux to the ice bottom. In general, process studies on ice–ocean interaction have been rare. In the future, increasingly multidisciplinary studies are needed with close links between sea ice physics, geochemistry and biology.