红树林沉积物来源链霉菌HA6菌株发酵条件的优化

HA6菌株是分离自红树林沉积物中具有强抗菌活性的链霉菌．为提高其抗菌活性物质的产量,通过单因子试验及正交试验法对其包括发酵培养基的组成、接种量、通气量和发酵时间等发酵条件进行优化．研究表明其最佳摇瓶发酵培养基配方为：麦芽提取物质量为2．00g、可溶性淀粉质量为3．00g、豆饼粉质量为2．00g、（NH4）：SO。质量为1．00g、NaCl质量为3．00g、CaC03质量为0．50g、蒸馏水体积为100cm^3;最优发酵条件为：500em。摇瓶装液体积为150em。,接种量为8％,培养温度为28℃,初始pH为7．5,转速为200r／rain,培养时间为5d．     

粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)发酵培养基优化的研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验,对从山东东营海岸湿地盐碱滩地土壤中筛选出的一株海洋菌种———粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)的发酵培养基进行优化,并进行100 L发酵罐中试放大试验的研究。确定粘质沙雷氏菌的最佳培养基配方为葡萄糖10 g/L,硫酸铵5 g/L,麸皮50 g/L,柠檬酸三钠1.0 g/L,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.3 g/L,FeSO4.7H2O 0.05 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5 g/L,pH 7.2~7.7。发酵最适温度为30℃。通过测定粘质沙雷氏菌在发酵罐中培养的生长曲线,确定发酵时间以28~30 h为宜,发酵结束后发酵液中的活菌数约为50×108个/mL。将所筛选到的粘质沙雷氏菌应用于农作物的病害防治,效果非常显著,表明是一株高活性的生物防治拮抗菌。此研究结果为高效率、低成本和工业化生产具有生物防治作用的海洋菌种制剂提供了科学依据,也为海岸湿地盐碱土的可持续开发利用提供了技术支撑。     

烟曲霉产壳聚糖酶液体发酵条件研究

以烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)为出发菌,通过选择适合的培养条件,筛选出产壳聚糖酶的菌株。实验结果表明,烟曲霉是良好的产壳聚糖酶出发菌。烟曲霉液体发酵产壳聚糖酶最适培养基组成为:壳聚糖1%,KH2PO40.06%,尿素0.2%,(NH4)2SO40.1%,MgSO40.012%,20%土豆汁3%,NaCl 0.05%。在pH 5.0、温度28℃、摇床转速120 r/min培养条件下振荡培养3 d,烟曲霉产壳聚糖酶的能力最强,达25.1 U/mL。     

极地产适冷脂肪酶菌株的酶学性质研究

从南北极环境样品中分离到7株产脂肪酶的细菌,经16SrDNA序列分析表明,这些细菌分别属于假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）．采用p-NPP法对这7株细菌所产的脂肪酶进行酶学性质研究,结果显示这些酶的最适作用温度在30～40cC、最适作用pH值在7—8之间,在低温下能保持较高的剩余活力,对热敏感,属于适冷脂肪酶．其中假交替单胞菌（Psychrobacter sp．7342）所产脂肪酶具有低温下酶的剩余活力高、有效作用温度和pH范围广、热稳定性较好及对多种金属离子抗性强等特点．该菌株能利用多种单一氮源和碳源产酶,最适产酶温度为25℃．在此基础上进行正交实验分析得到了该菌株的最佳发酵条件为：蛋白胨和淀粉含量各为1．33％,酵母膏含量为0．3％,温度为25℃．     

一株海洋芽孢杆菌B09的筛选及其发酵条件优化研究

从海水养殖环境中筛选出一株具有较强抗菌活性的芽孢杆菌B09,并对其进行抗菌活性研究和发酵条件优化。结果显示B09对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、鳗弧菌等致病菌有较强抑制作用,其最佳发酵条件如下:KB培养基(蛋白胨20g,甘油10mL,K2HPO41.5g,MgSO4.7H2O1.5g,水1000mL),发酵温度32℃,发酵起始pH为7,发酵时间48h,250mL的三角瓶装量100mL,接种量1%。     

海洋弧菌QJH-12发酵产琼胶酶条件的优化

从中国南海海域分离到了一株具有较高琼胶降解活性的弧菌Vibrio sp.QJH-12,该菌株为革兰氏阴性菌,呈弯曲杆状,极生单根鞭毛,氧化酶阳性,过氧化氢酶阳性,O/129试验阳性。在琼胶平板上生长可软化琼胶,并在菌落周围产生凹陷。通过单因子实验和正交实验确定了培养基的最佳组成:琼胶2.0‰,柠檬酸三铵1.0‰,K2HPO41.0‰,NaCl1.0%。确定该菌株的最适发酵产酶条件:装液量为250mL的三角瓶中装入125mL的液体发酵培养基,培养基起始pH6.5,摇瓶转速150r/min,30℃发酵培养26h,发酵液的酶活力达到332U/mL。结果表明,该菌株从产酶活力和发酵特点等各方面具备工业化开发的潜力。     

米曲霉两步活化法对黄芩苷的生物转化及转化产物的纯化与鉴定

利用米曲霉把黄芩苷转化为黄芩素。转化条件为:液体发酵,pH6,30℃,利用综合马铃薯培养基与玉米芯培养基两步发酵。菌种采用两步活化法,将经综合马铃薯培养基培养48 h的米曲霉加入至玉米芯培养基培养48 h后,再加入底物黄芩苷继续培养3 d。玉米芯发酵液加甲醇混匀后过滤,通过高效液相色谱检测,结果表明米曲霉已经将黄芩苷转化为黄芩素,转化率为40.72%。同时用乙醚萃取法从玉米芯发酵液中萃取到黄色固体提取物,经过高效液相色谱与标准品对照鉴定,该提取物为黄芩素。     

广西钦州湾红树林抗菌活性菌株Erwinia sp. 5-8的筛选及发酵条件的优化

以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用琼脂扩散法从国家海洋局海洋生物活性物质重点实验室广西钦州湾红树林微生物资源库中筛选获得一株具有明显抑菌效果的菌株5-8,对该菌株进行了分子鉴定与系统发育分析。结果表明,此菌为欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)。通过单因子试验对其发酵条件进行了优化,优化后发酵条件为:最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳碳源为葡萄糖,发酵培养基初始pH值为8.0,发酵温度为25℃,盐度为1.5,摇瓶装液量30%,接种量为1%(V种子液∶V培养液=1∶100)。     

米曲霉两步活化法对黄芩苷的生物转化及转化产物的纯化与鉴定

利用米曲霉把黄芩苷转化为黄芩素。转化条件为：液体发酵，pH6，30℃，利用综合马铃薯培养基与玉米芯培养基两步发酵。菌种采用两步活化法，将经综合马铃薯培养基培养48h的米曲霉加入至玉米芯培养基培养48h后，再加入底物黄芩苷继续培养3d。玉米芯发酵液加甲醇混匀后过滤，通过高效液相色谱检测，结果表明米曲霉已经将黄芩苷转化为黄芩素，转化率为40．72％。同时用乙醚萃取法从玉米芯发酵液中萃取到黄色固体提取物，经过高效液相色谱与标准品对照鉴定，该提取物为黄芩素。     

Verifying Inventory Predictions of Animal Methane Emissions with Meteorological Measurements

The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of a rangeof meteorological flux measurement techniques that mightbe used to verify predictions of greenhouse gas inventories.Recent research into emissions of methane (CH₄)produced by enteric fermentation in grazing cattle and sheepis used to illustrate various methodologies. Quantifying thisimportant source presents special difficulties because the animalsconstitute moving, heterogeneously distributed, intermittent, pointsources. There are two general approaches: one, from the bottom up,involves direct measurements of emissions from a known number ofanimals, and the other, from the top down, infers areal emissions ofCH₄ from its atmospheric signature. A mass-balance methodproved successful for bottom-up verification. It permits undisturbedgrazing, has a simple theoretical basis and is appropriate for fluxmeasurements on small plots and where there are scattered pointsources. The top-down methodologies include conventional flux-gradientapproaches and convective and nocturnal boundary-layer (CBL and NBL)budgeting schemes. Particular attention is given to CBL budget methods inboth differential and integral form. All top-down methodologies require ideal weather conditions for their application, and they suffer from the scattered nature of the source, varying wind directions and low instrument resolution. As for mass-balance, flux-gradient micrometeorological measurements were in good agreement with inventory predictions of CH₄ production by livestock, but the standard errors associated with both methods were too large to permit detection of changes of a few per cent in emission rate, which might be important for inventory, regulatory or research purposes. Fluxes calculated by CBL and NBL methods were of the same order of magnitude as inventory predictions, but more improvement is needed before their use can be endorsed. Opportunities for improving the precision of both bottom-up and top-down methodologies are discussed.