Relationships between molecular bacterial diversity and chemistry of groundwater in the Wairarapa Valley,New Zealand

Groundwater plays an important role in New Zealand water supplies and hence monitoring activities are conducted regularly. Most monitoring programmes aim to evaluate groundwater chemistry and almost completely overlook the microbial component in this ecosystem. In our present study, the bacterial community structure of groundwater in the Wairarapa Valley was examined using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and relationships between bacterial community structure and groundwater chemistry, aquifer confinement and groundwater usage were explored. In addition, the results from this study were compared with a previous T-RFLP survey of the same area in an attempt to detect changes in bacterial community structure over time. The data obtained suggested that bacterial community structure was related to groundwater chemistry, especially to redox conditions. Species composition showed minimal variation over time if groundwater chemistry remained unchanged. These findings reflect the potential of using bacterial communities as biological indicators to evaluate the health of groundwater ecosystems. We suggest that it is important to include this type of broad bacterial diversity assessment criteria into regular groundwater monitoring activities.     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川退缩对细菌优势种群影响的初步研究

随着全球冰川正在越来越多的地区融化, 冰川微生物资源很可能会由于冰川退缩而未被人类所发现就已受到生存的威胁而濒危.以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区和末端雪样及末端土样为研究对象, 采用培养方法、分子鉴定, 研究冰川雪样优势菌群在冰川末端土样的分布状况及生理生化指标变化情况, 分析冰川细菌优势菌群在冰川退缩后适应非雪环境的能力.结果表明: 冰川末端雪样优势菌为1BW1和1BW2所代表的Pedobacter, 该属在冰川消融区雪样和冰川末端土样中未分离到; 冰川消融区雪样优势菌为2BW所代表的Acinetobacter, 该属在冰川末端雪样中的数量较少, 在冰川末端土样中的数量更少.不同采样位点16S rRNA序列相似性高的菌株其生理生化特征比相同采样位点的大.因此, 冰川冰退缩可能会引发冰川雪样中的优势种群不能适应新环境而灭绝. 应加强冰川细菌资源利用和保护的研究基础.     

青藏高原多年冻土区土壤需氧可培养细菌多样性及群落功能研究

以青藏高原腹地不同植被类型多年冻土区土壤细菌为研究对象, 分析了可培养菌群数量、 多样性和生理代谢功能的变化及其与环境因子间的关系. 结果显示: 从沼泽草甸到高寒荒漠, 土壤水分、 总碳、 总氮含量逐渐降低, pH值升高, 可培养细菌数量在2.97×10⁶~2.88×10⁷ CFU·g^-1, 与含水量、 总碳、 总氮显著正相关; Actinobacteria(51.4%)和γ-Proteobacteria(31.7%)为优势菌群, α-protebacteria仅在沼泽草甸中有分布, β-protebacteria、 Bacterioidetes丰度与含水量、 总碳、 总氮间显著正相关; 自沼泽到荒漠, 菌群代谢活性和Shannon功能多样性指数降低, pH与Shannon指数显著负相关, 继氨基酸类碳源之后, 多聚物逐渐成为被细菌群落主要利用的碳源种类. 研究表明, 伴随冻土退化地上植被逆向演替的过程, 青藏高原多年冻土地下土壤微生物群落丰度、 遗传和代谢功能多样性均发生了不同程度的响应.     

Comparison of intestinal bacterial communities in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, from two different habitats

The intestinal bacteria of vertebrates form a close relationship with their host.External and internal conditions of the host,including its habitat,affect the intestinal bacterial community.Similarly,the intestinal bacterial community can,in turn,influence the host,particularly with respect to disease resistance.We compared the intestinal bacterial communities of grass carp that were collected from farm-ponds or a lake.We conducted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA genes,from which 66 different operational taxonomic units were identified.Using both the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means clustering and principal component analysis ordination,we found that the intestinal bacterial communities from the two groups of pond fish were clustered together and inset into the clusters of wild fish,except for DF-7,and there was no significant correlation between genetic diversity of grass carp and their intestinal bacterial communities(Mantel one-tailed test,R=0.157,P=0.175).Cetobacterium appeared more frequently in the intestine of grass carp collected from pond.A more thorough understanding of the role played by intestinal microbiota on fish health would be of considerable benefit to the aquaculture industry.     

柄海鞘共附生细菌的分离培养与系统发育多样性研究

通过纯培养和16SrRNA基因序列的相似性比对,并构建系统发育树对威海海域柄海鞘共附生细菌的多样性进行了研究。用2216E培养基从柄海鞘样品中分离到78株细菌,通过形态学特征和TCBS培养基选择性筛选后,选取30株具有代表性的菌株进行了16SrRNA基因测序和基于16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,30株菌株分别属于细菌域的4个系统发育类群(Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Gro-teobacteria)的11个科,11个属。根据16SrRNA基因序列,大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的模式菌株之间存在一定的遗传差异(16SrRNA基因序列相似性为91.82%～98.93%)。其中菌株HQW7,HQYD1,HQWD4,HQE1和HQE2与相关模式菌株的16SrRNA基因最高相似度仅分别为91.82%,92.51%,92.99%,93.52%,93.87%,这5株菌可能代表新的分类单元。威海海域柄海鞘共附生细菌存在着较为丰富的物种多样性和系统发育多样性,并可能存在新的物种。     

Chitosan extends the shelf-life of filleted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during refrigerated storage

Shelf-life extension of aquatic products is of significant economical importance. To determine the potential effect of chitosan on the shelf-life of filleted tilapia, this study analyzed the bacterial community diversity in fresh and spoiled tilapia fillets stored at (4 ± 1)℃ and examined the antimicrobial activity of chitosan against relevant bacteria isolates. Results showed that Pseudomonas (20%) and Aeromonas (16%) were abundant in fresh tilapia fillets, whereas Pseudomonas (52%), Aeromonas (32%) and Staphylococcus (12%) were dominant in the spoiled samples. Chitosan showed wide-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria isolated from tilapia and 5.0 g L-1 chitosan was selected for application in preservation. We further determined the shelf-life of chitosan-treated, filleted tilapia stored at (4 ± 1)℃ based on microbiological, biochemical and sensory analyses. Results showed that the shelf-life of chitosan-treated, filleted tilapia was extended to 12 d, whereas that of untreated, control samples was 6 d. These indicate that chitosan, as a natural preservative, has great application potential in the shelf-life extension of tilapia fillets.     

新疆乌鲁木齐二叠系湖相微生物白云岩成因

新疆乌鲁木齐地区养牛场剖面中二叠统芦草沟组以发育浅湖至半深湖背景下的中层深灰色、灰色碳酸盐岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩与中、厚层灰黑色泥岩、油页岩的互层沉积为特点.湖相碳酸盐岩以微晶白云岩为主体,其次为微晶灰岩.微晶白云岩主要由白云石、铁白云石及少量方解石等组成,常混有泥质组分且富含有机质.镜下观察白云石主要为微晶(＜4μm)及微亮晶(4-10 μm),极少数为亮晶(＞10μm).扫描电镜分析发现微晶白云岩中存在微球状(直径约9μm)、微棒状(长度约0.3～1.2μm)及微米级它形(＜ 5μm)等3种微形貌的白云石,其中微米级它形白云石在白云岩中占绝大多数.在微晶灰岩中还发现了直径约70-150nm,形态与球菌相似的纳米微粒,具有微生物矿化的特征.研究区白云岩Sr丰度及Sr/Ca比总体持平或略高于微晶灰岩,Mn丰度远高于微晶灰岩,C、O同位素均高于微晶灰岩,暗示了白云岩可能形成于比微晶灰岩更深及盐度更大的水下还原环境,二者之间缺乏明显的交代关系.芦草沟组白云岩的δ13CPDB介于9.2 ‰～15.6‰,强烈正偏的δ13CPDB可能是产甲烷古菌的代谢活动引起有机质碳同位素分馏的结果.以上特征表明,研究区芦草沟组白云石的沉淀可能与产烷带厌氧微生物的代谢活动引起的甲烷生成作用有关.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛表层土壤样品中细菌多样性的系统发育分析

通过PCR结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对从南极长城站附近表层土壤样品中获得16SrDNA序列特征片段V3区序列进行分离。对其中的主要12条DGGE条带进行胶回收,获得的DNA片段经测序以及计算机比对分析发现,它们分别属于β、γ、δ-变形细菌(Proteobac-teria)、噬纤维菌-屈挠杆菌-拟杆菌(Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides,CFB)群细菌、放线细菌(Actinobacteria)、蓝细菌属(Cyanobacteria)、酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)和绿屈挠菌属(Chlo-roflexi)等系统分类群。南极表层土壤样品中的大部分16S rDNA序列与从其他土壤或沉积物样品中直接获得的序列相似性较高(93%-100%)。     

小河金矿的细菌预氧化研究

陕西旬阳小河金矿的浮选金精矿含砷（２０－２７％）,采用细菌预氧化时较为困难。采用不同方式对有Ｔ．ｆ菌进行驯化,有效地提高了细菌的氧化活性,金的浸出率从０．６％提高到８５．１２％。     

细菌反硝化法同时分析天然水中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成研究

细菌反硝化法是目前同时分析天然水中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的最新方法。该方法包括反硝化菌的选取与培养,利用反硝化菌将硝酸根完全转化成N2O气体以及N2O气体的提取、纯化和同位素测定。该方法采用硝酸盐标准,对测试结果需进行试剂本底、同位素分馏、同位素交换校正。与传统方法相比,细菌反硝化法可同时分析低浓度微量水中硝酸盐的氮、氧同位素组成,且速度更快捷,结果更可靠。