东昆仑南缘韧性剪切带变形特征及其形成时代的限定

中生代巴彦喀拉-松潘甘孜地体向东昆仑地体斜向俯冲,在东昆仑南缘形成一条巨型的韧性剪切带。剪切带中发育的旋转碎斑、书斜构造、解理阶步、云母鱼、S-C组构、不对称褶皱、雁列脉等宏微观构造,显示剪切带兼具右行和左行的特征,且右行早于左行剪切,但总体以左行剪切为主。对西大滩糜棱岩化花岗岩和小南川未变形花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年,西大滩岩体侵位于199.3±2.2Ma,小南川岩体形成于196.4±1.3Ma。西大滩与小南川岩体中的锆石为典型的岩浆锆石,其年龄代表了岩体侵位的时代。鉴于2个岩体的变形程度完全不同,东昆仑南缘在199~196Ma之间发生了左行韧性剪切。     

浆混花岗岩专题填图方法初探——以东昆仑加鲁河地区为例

东昆仑造山带花岗岩中广泛发育暗色微粒包体,含有丰富的壳幔岩浆混合作用的证据,被认为是研究岩浆混合作用的天然场所。适逢近阶段同源花岗岩谱系填图方案在造山带岩浆混合(浆混)花岗岩图区实践时深受质疑,本研究以东昆仑加鲁河地区浆混花岗岩为例,开展浆混花岗岩区专题填图试点工作,旨在探索一套适合浆混花岗岩填图的岩石单位划分方案。从野外地质、岩相学、岩石和矿物化学等不同角度论证了加鲁河花岗闪长岩及其内部包体形成于开放体系下的壳幔岩浆混合作用。在填图工作中,将图区内的岩浆岩划分为浆混花岗岩和非浆混花岗岩2个超单元。以岩浆混合作用为理论依据,将浆混花岗岩超单元划分为基性端元、酸性端元和浆混产物3个二级单位,对于2个端元岩石单位按照其矿物组成、结构构造等方面的差异(岩浆演化导致)再次划分最基本岩石单位——侵入体,对于浆混产物单位,建议可按照岩浆混合程度差异或者内部包体变化规律灵活划分基本岩石单位——浆混体。由此建立了一套可与同源花岗岩谱系单位相兼容的浆混花岗岩谱系单位划分方案,为岩浆混合花岗岩区开展填图工作提供了初步探索方案。     

全球前寒武—寒武系含油气盆地石油地质特征及成藏主控因素

前寒武—寒武系油气作为我国中西部含油气盆地未来油气勘探的重要接替领域,近年来受到广泛关注。本文以阿曼和东西伯利亚盆地为例,阐述全球典型前寒武—寒武系古老含油气盆地石油地质特征及成藏主控因素,为国内前寒武—寒武系油气勘探取得进一步突破提供参考。阿曼和东西伯利亚盆地烃源岩主要发育在盆地初始裂陷作用区,受埋深及地温梯度控制,在志留纪或泥盆纪之前就已大量生油;储集层岩性以砂岩为主,分布面积广,受表生风化淋滤、胶结物溶蚀及构造裂缝改造等后期作用影响,可形成优质区域性储层;优质的区域性盖层是前寒武—寒武系古老油气藏得以保存的关键性因素,盆地膏盐岩累计厚度都超过1 000m。塔里木盆地寒武系盐下深层含油气层系,同国外古老含油气盆地相比,同样具有多套高丰度优质烃源岩生烃、厚层区域性膏盐岩封堵及长距离运移、多层系成藏特征,具有良好的油气勘探潜力。     

柴北缘胜利口东地区白云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素

[研究目的]柴北缘地区分布着大量早古生代花岗岩,是否存在与大陆深俯冲和早期碰撞阶段的岩浆活动,截至目前研究资料较少,制约了对柴北缘地区大地构造背景演化的认识.[研究方法]本文对胜利口东地区白云母二长花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素研究.[研究结果]通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得...     

利用三重震相探测中国东部海域410 km深度低速层

基于中国数字地震台网记录的日本本州地区2009年发生的一次震源深度为167.2 km、 震级为mb6.0地震的宽频带波形资料,利用二维射线追踪方法给出P波三重震相的理论时 距曲线,并采用试错法构建出与观测时 距曲线拟合效果最优的低速异常模型,发现在中国东部海域下方410 km间断面上、下均存在局部的P波低速异常:300—410 km深度范围内低速异常为4%—5%,而410—460/470 km深度范围内的低速异常则达到4%—7%．结合前人地震层析成像结果,发现该区域不存在明确外源热流,因而,本文认为该低速异常与俯冲板片脱水引起的部分熔融有关．      

褶皱陡坎中相关断层在缩短量计算中的作用——以东秋里塔格背斜为例

通过对东秋里塔格背斜地区内与褶皱陡坎伴生的次级断层进行的地质调查,确定了该次级断层属于伸出向斜的逆冲断层,也给出了次级断层的发生时间晚于褶皱作用起始时间的1个变形实例。褶皱陡坎中发育的次级断层使得陡坎上盘地层沿断层面整体向上迁移,不仅次级断层使得阶地面发生掀斜并增大褶皱陡坎的坡度,而且直接影响了区域缩短增量计算的真实性。计算结果显示,当不考虑次级断层对褶皱陡坎高度的影响时,计算所得缩短增量为51.42m,考虑次级断层对褶皱陡坎高度的影响时,计算得到的地壳缩短量为45.23m。二者相差6.19m,偏差占总缩短增量的13.7%,是一个不可忽视的量值。东秋里塔格背斜北翼和南翼的褶皱陡坎发育于相同岩性的基岩中而且具有相同的形成机制。但是背斜北翼在水平距离不足300m的范围内发育了3级褶皱陡坎,这表明北翼相对于南翼,其活动枢纽带更为紧闭。这是由于北翼存在更加强烈的挤压应力及更加快速的隆升作用。因此,次级断层的研究对于正确认识区域构造演化、了解褶皱与断层相互作用关系具有重要意义。但是仍存在很多问题:1)受观察剖面范围有限、次级断层分布不连续和断距沿延伸方向不断增大等因素的制约,次级断层对缩短增量造成的影响可能被低估,计算结果应为缩短量的最小值。2)次级断层增加的陡坎高度与断层的断距、倾角具有怎样的定量关系?3)若次级断层只发育于活动枢纽带内,又会产生怎样的影响?这些问题还需更多的研究实例来进行更加深入的研究。     

东海陆架盆地雁荡低凸起综合地球物理解释及其成因探讨

通过对东海陆架盆地西部地震和重磁资料的综合地球物理解释,对雁荡低凸起展布形态进行了细致刻画,凸起呈NE方向不连续展布于瓯江凹陷和闽江凹陷之间,长约170 km、宽约15~50 km.地震资料揭示雁荡低凸起上广泛发育了侏罗纪与白垩纪地层,厚度约为500~1500 m,展布面积约5000 km²,局部缺失中生界地层.凸起两侧中生代盆地结构差异明显,西侧瓯江凹陷为典型的断陷盆地,东断西超、断裂发育,半地堑、掀斜断块等中生界构造样式发育;东侧闽江凹陷为坳陷型盆地,断裂、火成岩不发育,挤压背斜、断背斜、反转构造等中生界构造样式发育.自由空间重力异常图与剩余重力异常图上,凸起表现为一系列NE向团块状重力高值区,而磁力异常ΔT图上则表现为深部磁场强度低的特征,火成岩影响部位可见磁力高值异常.综合凸起及邻域重磁震、莫霍面深度等地质地球物理资料,认为雁荡低凸起为一元古界组成的古隆起,区别于东部的台北低凸起.同时,结合区域构造演化及沉积特征,推测侏罗纪时期雁荡低凸起与浙闽隆起区可能连为一体,晚白垩世近东西向伸展作用下浙闽隆起发生裂陷进而形成了雁荡低凸起.     

The distribution of dissolved lead in the coastal waters of the East China Sea

The distribution of dissolved lead in the coastal waters of the East China Sea was investigated seasonally. The average concentrations in surface waters during the spring and autumn were 0.52 nM and 0.27 nM, respectively. In the spring, the concentration of dissolved Pb in the surface waters and bottom waters ranged from 0.13 to 1.86 nM and from 0.15 to 0.94 nM, respectively. For both the surface water and the bottom water, the highest values were observed at the Yangtze River Estuary. Seasonal variability of D-Pb between spring and autumn in the ECS was observed. These results suggested that riverine inputs and atmospheric inputs may be the main sources of lead in this area, while adsorption and co-precipitation on suspended particles at the river estuary and biological process may be the major sinks.     

Comparing flow regime,channel hydraulics,and biological communities to infer flow–ecology relationships in the Mara River of Kenya and Tanzania

Abstract

Equatorial rivers of East Africa exhibit unusually complex seasonal and inter-annual flow regimes, and aquatic and adjacent terrestrial organisms have adapted to cope with this flow variability. This study examined the annual flow regime over the past 40 years for three gauging stations on the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania, which is of international importance because it is the only perennial river traversing the Mara-Serengeti ecoregion. Select environmental flow components were quantified and converted to ecologically relevant hydraulic variables. Vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected and identified at target study sites during low and high flows. The results were compared with available knowledge of the life histories and flow sensitivities of the riverine communities to infer flow–ecology relationships. Management implications are discussed, including the need to preserve a dynamic environmental flow regime to protect ecosystems in the region. The results for the Mara may serve as a useful model for river basins of the wider equatorial East Africa region.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman     

Numerical prediction on the scour burial of cylinder object freely resting on the sandy seabed in the East China Sea using the DRAMBUIE model

After experiencing 8-day combined tidal current, circulation and wave actions, scour depth surrounding cylinder object freely resting on sandy seabed in the East China Sea （ECS） in January is numerically predicted using the DRAMBUIE model designed for scour burial, which has been widely used and verified by in-situ experiments. During the period of numerical integration, the value of time t is generally variable at every time step via the special time-stepped approach developed by this paper to eliminate the time error. The tidal current velocity, wave orbital velocity and the depth-averaged circulation in the ECS have been obtained by numerical simulations with Estuarine Coastal and Ocean Model （ECOM）, Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） model and Regional Ocean Modeling System （ROMS） model respectively. The control experiment and several idealized test cases on influential factors in scour depth reveal that the dominant hydrodynamic factor is tidal current in the ECS under normal weather conditions, and the impacts of shelf circulation and wave motion on local scour almost can be ignored with an exception of the Kuroshio area where the high-speed mainstream of Kuroshio flows. It is also indicated that in sandy sediments, the distribution of scour depth nearly follows the pattern of tidal currents, while the secondary influencing factor on scour depth appears to be grain size of sandy sediment in the ECS. Numerical tests on sediment grain size further testify that much finer sand is more easily scoured, and an increasing trend for scour depth with reduction of grain size is displayed due to imposed resistance of larger sized particles. Three aspects explored by this paper, including the empirical equations in the Defense Research Agency Mine Burial Environment （DRAMBUIE） model, the accuracy of inputs and infill process can severely affect the prediction of scour depth surrounding cylinder objects freely resting on sandy seabed in the ECS.