Eogenetic diagenesis of Chinle sandstones,Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona,USA): A record of Late Triassic climate change

Fluvially derived tuffaceous Chinle sandstones from Petrified Forest National Park provide a well‐preserved Late Triassic archive of climate information. Petrographic analysis of 38 Chinle sandstones provides new insight into the depositional history and evolution of palaeoclimate during Chinle deposition. This study focuses on the relationship between climate and meteoric diagenesis as a guide for constraining climate change in western equatorial Pangea during the Late Triassic. Petrographic analysis of Chinle sandstones reveals their wide range of textural attributes, as well as pedogenic and shallow burial diagenetic features that occurred during the Late Triassic. These diverse petrological characteristics are indicative of the evolving Late Triassic climate, when placed into a well‐constrained stratigraphic and geochronological framework. The stratigraphic succession is characterized by variations in the abundance of framework grains, detrital matrix, weathering intensity of feldspar and volcanic rock fragments, and the mineralogy of clay cements. Climate records from Chinle palaeosol geochemistry indicate a progression from wet to dry conditions. This trend is also reflected in the meteoric diagenetic features of Chinle sandstones. During deposition of the lower Chinle, elevated rainfall promoted the weathering of labile volcanic detritus to kaolinite, whereas feldspars (especially plagioclase) were partially or completely dissolved. In the upper Chinle, a trend towards drier conditions favoured the formation of smectite and less feldspar dissolution resulting in a higher abundance of well‐preserved plagioclase grains. Shallow burial meteoric weathering reactions in Chinle sandstones reflect the evolving climate during the Late Triassic.     

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Exploration Prospect of Coal‐Derived Tight Sandstone Gas in China: Case Study of the Ordos,Sichuan, and Tarim Basins

This work extensively investigated global tight sandstone gas, and geologically and geochemically analyzed the tight sandstone gas in China's Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins. We compared typical tight sandstone gas in China with that in North America. We proposed six conditions for the formation of China's tight sandstone gas, and illustrated the geological characteristics of tight sandstone gas. In China, gas-bearing tight sandstones were mainly deposited in continental lake deltas and marine-terrigenous facies basin environments, associated with coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried deeper than 2000 m under a formation pressure of 20–30 MPa, with pressure coefficients varying from overpressure to negative pressure. In other countries, tight gas bearing sandstones were dominantly deposited in marine to marine-terrigenous facies environments, occurred in coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried shallower than 2000 m in low-pressure systems. We systematically analyzed tight sandstone gas in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins in terms of chemical compositions, geochemical characteristics of carbon isotopes, origins, and sources. Tight sandstone gas in China usually has a hydrocarbon content of 95%, with CH4 content 90%, and a generally higher dry coefficient. In the three above-mentioned large tight sandstone gas regions, δ13 C1 and δ13 C2 mainly ranges from-42‰ to-28‰ and from-28‰ to-21‰, respectively. Type III coal-measure source rocks that closely coexist with tight reservoirs are developed extensively in these gas regions. The organic petrology of source rocks and the carbon isotope compositions of gas indicate that tight sandstone gas in China is dominantly coal-derived gas generated by coal-measure strata. Our analysis of carbon isotope series shows that local isotope reversals are mainly caused by the mixing of gases of different maturities and that were generated at different stages. With increasing maturity, the reversal tendency becomes more apparent. Moreover, natural gas with medium-low maturity(e.g., Xujiahe Formation natural gas in the Sichuan Basin) presents an apparent reversal at a low-maturity stage, a normal series at a medium-maturity stage, and a reversal tendency again at a high-maturity stage. Finally, we proposed four conditions for preferred tight sandstone gas "sweep spots," and illustrated the recoverable reserves, proven reserves, production, and exploration prospects of tight sandstone gas. The geological and geochemical characteristics, origins, sources, and exploration potential of tight sandstone gas in China from our research will be instructive for the future evaluation, prediction, and exploration of tight sandstone gas in China and abroad.     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物储层岩石热物性实验研究

采用扫描电镜测试了祁连山冻土区天然气水合物储层泥岩和砂岩微观结构。在显微镜下观察到,泥岩由微小均匀的片状多边形块体构成,这种微观结构使得泥岩中水合物以浸染状赋存;而砂岩内部存在分散状孔隙,砂岩中水合物为孔隙赋存。采用瞬变平面热源法测试了含甲烷水合物储层岩石的导热系数和热扩散率。在温度为-941~941 ℃时,干泥岩导热系数为0577~0853 W·m-1·K-1,含甲烷水合物储层泥岩导热系数为0704~1050 W·m-1·K-1。在温度为-811~928 ℃时,干砂岩导热系数为0828~1271 W·m-1·K-1,含甲烷水合物储层砂岩导热系数为3850~4555 W·m-1·K-1。在温度为-941~941 ℃时,干泥岩热扩散率为0712~0894 mm2·s-1,含甲烷水合物储层泥岩热扩散率为0792~1006 mm2·s-1,干砂岩热扩散率为1198~1674 mm2·s-1,含甲烷水合物储层砂岩热扩散率为1403~1769 mm2·s-1。测试数据表明,对于孔隙型水合物,测定导热系数是一种较好的辨识水合物存在的辅助手段。     

苏北盆地黄桥地区富CO_2流体对二叠系龙潭组砂岩储层的改造与意义

富CO_2流体-砂岩相互作用是砂岩储层次生孔隙的重要形成机制。苏北黄桥地区作为中国重要的CO_2气产区,富CO_2流体对上二叠统龙潭组砂岩储层的改造问题备受关注。为揭示富CO_2流体的作用特征及其对储层的影响,对黄桥地区典型钻井开展了系统的岩心描述和岩矿鉴定,并进行了微区原位观测和相关地球化学分析。结果表明,在靠近CO_2流体活动强烈的断裂带部位(特别是断层上盘),砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物基本溶蚀殆尽,仅存少量交代成因菱铁矿,同时钾长石类碎屑溶蚀非常强烈,并伴随高岭石等矿物沉淀,以及石英次生加大,还发育片钠铝石等指示高浓度CO_2作用的特征矿物,形成与CO_2流体作用相关的特征矿物组合(片钠铝石+高岭石+次生石英+菱铁矿);而在远离断裂的部位,受CO_2流体影响较弱,溶蚀作用也较弱,有较多的次生方解石沉淀,形成了以方解石+菱铁矿为主的自生矿物组合。前者次生孔隙发育,后者则更加致密。据此提出了深源断裂主控下与富CO_2流体作用相关的储层发育模式,为油气勘探和开发提供了新的思路。     

深层水平井双聚胺基钻井液技术研究与应用

针对大庆油田深层致密气埋藏深,储层砾岩、火山岩裂缝发育,水敏性强,钻井过程中易发生漏失、垮塌、缩径及高温钻井液性能变差等复杂,且深层水平井钻进会带来摩阻、携岩和储层污染及使用油基钻井液存在成本高、后期环保压力大等难题,在分析总结前人研究成果及经验基础上,从致密气藏地质特征及深层水平井钻井难点出发,明确了钻井液技术对策,通过开展聚胺和聚醚多元醇“双聚”抑制、封堵防塌剂的研究,配合自主研制的新型高效随钻封堵材料,研发出一套适合于深层致密气藏水平井施工的双聚胺基钻井液技术。室内研究及现场应用表明,该钻井液具有较强的封堵防塌、井眼清洁和润滑防卡能力,抗温达180 ℃以上,有效地解决了深层水平井漏失、垮塌、携屑、润滑问题和储层保护问题,保证了深层水平井的顺利施工,创造了大庆油田深层水平井钻井周期最短（109 d）,井深最深（5048 m）,水平段最长（969.22 m）,井底温度最高(180 ℃)等几项新纪录,完全满足了徐家围子地区深层致密气藏的钻探需求,为深层水平井安全、快速、高效钻井提供了技术保障。     

致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战

致密油是当前全球非常规石油发展的亮点领域,页岩油是未来非常规石油发展的潜在资源。基于国内外页岩层系液态烃地质特征系统研究,提出致密油与页岩油的"甜点区"分布,应着眼烃源性、岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性与应力各向异性"六特性"匹配评价;并指出中国有利页岩层系的特点是液态烃TOC2%(S12mg/g),纹层状页岩或致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩,孔隙度较高(致密油储集层孔隙度大于10%,页岩油储集层孔隙度大于3%),脆性矿物含量大于40%,含油饱和度60%~90%,较低原油黏度或较高地层压力,天然裂缝发育;对比北美有利页岩层系地质特征表明,北美有利页岩层系液态烃TOC大于4%,呈纹层状页岩或泥灰岩,孔隙度大于7%,脆性矿物含量大于50%,含油饱和度50%~80%,API40°及压力系数大于1.30,天然裂缝发育。围绕中国陆相致密油与页岩油沉积储集层,初步提出陆相细粒沉积分布模式、陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐岩混合成因的储集层岩石分类方案,初步预测技术可采资源量致密油约(20~25)×108t,页岩油约(30~60)×108t。陆相湖盆细粒沉积成因与分布、致密储集层微-纳米级储集空间结构、页岩层系液态烃充注及流动机制、页岩层系液态烃地球物理响应模型、资源潜力及"甜点区"评价预测等,将成为新时期非常规油气地质面临主要挑战与创新重点。     

低渗透致密岩性储层注水工艺技术研究

随着鄂尔多斯盆地石油资源的开发,为提高低渗透储层的采收率,开展对低渗透致密岩性储层的注水工艺技术的研究。通过对油套分注技术、空心集成分注技术、偏心分注技术等应用于低渗透致密岩性储层的注水技术的对比研究,结果认为桥式偏心注水技术和偏心注水技术是现阶段最有效的低渗透储层分层注水技术。在延长油田永宁采油厂的三口注水井组中应用桥式偏心注水以及偏心注水技术进行试验,均见到了增液、增油的效果。     

吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床铀成矿过程中微生物—有机质相互作用研究

生物、有机质成矿作用是目前国际成矿作用研究前沿领域。本文以我国典型层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床——吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床为研究对象,分析了矿床的有机质、微生物地球化学特征,探讨了有机质和微生物的相互作用。认为好氧微生物积极地参与了矿床层间氧化带的形成。氧化带铁的生物氧化作用催化了铀的氧化、溶解以及迁移,为铀成矿提供了重要的铀源条件。在氧化还原过渡带,硫酸盐还原菌利用有机质生物化学作用的产物——轻烃和可溶有机物作为碳源,使容矿层地下水中硫酸盐发生还原作用形成硫化氢,地下水Eh降低和pH向弱酸性转化,导致铀的还原成矿和吸附成矿作用,有机质和微生物的相互作用对矿床的形成具有重要的控制作用。     

库车坳陷东部下侏罗统致密砂岩储层特征及主控因素

塔里木盆地致密砂岩气分布广、勘探潜力大,是今后勘探的重要前瞻性领域.库车坳陷东部下侏罗统砂岩储层普遍致密,加强其储层特征及主控因素的研究,对指导下一步的天然气勘探开发具有重要意义.为了揭示了塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部下侏罗统致密砂岩储层的发育规律及主控因素,通过铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜、激光共聚焦等测试手段并结合测井资料,研究了储层的岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征和物性特征.结果表明,该区储层岩石类型以岩屑砂岩为主,岩石成分成熟度低,结构成熟度中等;孔隙结构主要为中孔细喉和小孔微喉,孔隙连通性较差;孔隙度大部分为4%~12%,平均为8.12%,有效空气渗透率主要为(0.1~3)×10-3μm2,属于典型的致密砂岩储层.在此基础上,综合分析了致密储层与沉积作用、成岩作用、构造作用的关系.研究认为,储层的物性受沉积作用、成岩作用、构造作用等的共同影响,其中主控因素是受沉积作用控制的粒度、成岩作用中的压实作用和构造压实作用.