Crystallization of melts, pegmatite intrusion and the Inverian retrogression of the Scourian complex, north-west Scotland

Abstract Partial melting of tonalitic gneisses in the 2.7 Ga Badcallian granulite facies metamorphic episode in the Scourian complex of north-west Scotland produced a suite of granitic to trondhjemitic liquids. On cooling and excavation of the complex, these melts underwent fractional crystallization and the residual liquids eventually became water saturated. Comparison with experimental data suggests that water saturation would have occurred in these melts at around 620–700°C. From the retrograde P–T -time path followed by the complex it is estimated that H₂O-dominated fluids were exsolved from these melts at c. 2.5 Ga. It is proposed that these fluids were the cause of the 2.5 Ga Inverian retrogression of the Scourian complex and that water-saturated melts formed during the crystallization of the leucogneisses were intruded as a suite of pegmatites. The timing of pegmatite intrusion is consistent with this proposition as are the temperature estimates, timing, distribution and nature of the Inverian phase of metamorphism. It is likely that the crystallization of melts is an important process in bringing about hydrous retrogressive metamorphic episodes in a number of other basement terrains, such as West Greenland and Australia.     

我国发现的钇硅磷灰石

我国首次发现的钇硅磷灰石产于河南含稀有金属的花岗岩内,为磷灰石型结构的硅酸盐矿物。乳白、玫瑰、棕色,实测比重4.35,一轴负晶,ω=1.784,ε=1.991。探针分析计算化学式为:(Y_(3.17)Ca_(1.56)Dy_(0.22)…)[(Si_(0.92)P_(0.03))O_4]_3(OH,F),P6_3/m,α=9.426±0.008,c=6.806±0.007。还进行了X射线粉晶衍射分析和红外吸收光谱分析,最后对具磷灰石型结构矿物种间阳离子、阴离子、附加阴离子之间的置换方式进行了讨论。     

二连石——一种含铁和钒的硅酸盐新矿物

新矿物二连石(Erlianite)产于海相火山沉积硅质建造,经变质的铁矿层中的破碎带。矿物呈黑色,条痕褐色。晶体成纤维状、鳞片状,集合体为规则的板柱状。不透明,丝绢光泽。H_v=3.7kg/mm~2,D=3.11g/cm~3。解理(001)和(100)完全。斜方晶系。晶胞参数:a=23.20,b=9.20,c=13.18,Z=1,可能的空间群为Pmmn或Pm2_1n。二轴晶负光性,N_(?)=1.667,N_(?)=1.674,N_(?)=1.679,2V=56—59°。化学式为:(Fe~(2+)_(19·96)Fe~(3+)_(2·19)Mg_(1·33)Mn_(0·42))_(23·90)(Fe~(3+)_(11·32)V_((?)·68))_(12)(Si_(34·73)Ti_(0·26)Al_(0·20)Fe~(3+)_(0·81))_(36)O_(90)(OH,O)_(48)(单位晶胞氧原子总数O=138)。     

硅酸钡铜的光吸收谱和EPR谱

本文报道水热合成硅酸钡铜(BaCuSi_4O_(10))的光吸收谱和EPR谱。EPR测量表明,在硅酸钡铜中,Cu~(2 )离子位置有轴对称性。在这种对称性下,一般只能观察到三条Cu~(2 )离子的吸收谱带,但在BaCuSi_4O_(10)的吸收谱中却观察到了四条。这一矛盾用~2Eg激发态的动态Jahn-Teller效应来解释。本文提出的~2Eg和~2A_1g能级的相对次序与文献[2]的相反,文中对这一问题作了详细的分析。跃迁频率和g因子的计算值在实验误差范围内与观测值一致。     

Variations in the distribution of magma in the lower crust and at the Moho beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°N

Measurements of the seafloor deformation under ocean waves (compliance) reveal an asymmetric lower crustal partial melt zone (shear velocity less than 1.8 km/s) beneath the East Pacific Rise axis between 9° and 10°N. At 9°48′N, the zone is less than 8 km wide and is centered beneath the rise axis. The zone shifts west of the rise axis as the rise approaches the westward-stepping 9°N overlapping spreading center discontinuity and is anomalously wide at the northern tip of the discontinuity. The ratio of the compliance determined shear velocity to the compressional velocities (estimated by seismic tomography) suggests that the melt is well-connected in high-aspect ratio cracks rather than in isolated sills. The shear and compressional velocities indicate less than 18% melt in the lower crust on average. The compliance measurements also reveal a separate lower crustal partial melt zone 10 km east of the rise axis at 9°48′N and isolated melt bodies near the Moho beneath four of the 39 measurement sites (three on-axis and one off-axis). The offset of the central melt zone from the rise axis correlates strongly with the offset of the overlying axial melt lens and the inferred center of mantle melting, but its shape appears to be controlled by crustal processes.     

硅酸盐岩石化学组成的ICPAES和ICPMS准确测定:酸溶与碱熔分解样品方法的对比

报道了采用酸溶和碱熔分解硅酸盐岩石样品，用ICP-AES和ICP-MS联合测定岩石的主元素和微量元素的分析方法，酸溶方法检出限低，能准确分析除SiO2以外的其他主元素和40余种微量元素；碱熔方法一次分解样品可以直接测定所有的主元素和30多种微量元素，但方法检出限增高，不能准确分析一些检出限高而含量低的元素，因此，根据不同的岩石类型，所需分析的元素种类以及研究目的，采用适当的样品分解方法，用ICP-AES和ICP-MS分析可以获得准确的主元素和微量元素数据。     

Examination of Silicate Limitation of Primary Production in Jiaozhou Bay,North China：Ⅲ.Judgment Method ,Rules and Uniqueness of Nutrient Limitation Among N,P,and Si

Analysis and comparison of Jiaozhou Bay data collected from May 1991 to February 1994 (12 seasonal investigations) provided by the Ecological Station of Jiaozhou Bay revealed the characteristic spatiotemporal variation of the ambient concentration Si∶DIN and Si∶16P ratios and the seasonal variation of Jiaozhou Bay Si∶DIN and Si∶16P ratios showing that the Si∶DIN ratios were <1 throughout the year in Jiaozhou Bay; and that the Si∶16P ratios were <1 throughout Jiaozhou Bay in spring, autumn and winter. The results proved that silicate limited phytoplankton growth in spring, autumn and winter in Jiaozhou Bay. Analysis of the Si∶DIN and Si∶P ratios showed that the nutrient Si has been limiting the growth of phytoplankton throughout the year in some Jiaozhou Bay waters; and that the silicate deficiency changed the phytoplankton assemblage structure. Analysis of discontinuous 1962 to 1998 nutrient data showed that there was no N or P limitation of phytoplankton growth in that period. The authors consider that the annual cyclic change of silicate limits phytoplankton growth in spring, autumn and winter every year in Jiaozhou Bay; and that in many Jiaozhou Bay waters where the phytoplankton as the predominant species need a great amount of silicate, analysis of the nutrients N or P limitation of phytoplankton growth relying only on the N and P nutrients and DIN∶P ratio could yield inaccurate conclusions. The results obtained by applying the rules of absolute and relative limitation fully support this view. The authors consider that the main function of nutrient silicon is to regulate and control the mechanism of the phytoplankton growth process in the ecological system in estuaries, bays and the sea. The authors consider that according to the evolution theory of Darwin, continuous environmental pressure gradually changes the phytoplankton assemblage's structure and the physiology of diatoms. Diatoms requiring a great deal of silicon either constantly decrease or reduce their requirement for silicon. This will cause a series of huge changes in the ecosystem so that the whole ecosystem requires continuous renewal, change and balancing. Human beings have to reduce marine pollution and enhance the capacity of continental sources to transport silicon to sustain the continuity and stability in the marine ecosystem. This study was funded by the NSFC (No. 40036010) and subsidized by Special Funds from the National Key Basic Research Program of P. R. China (G199990437), the Postdoctoral Foundation of Ocean University of Qingdao, the Director's Foundation of the Beihai Monitoring Center of the State Oceanic Administration and the Foundation of Shanghai Fisheries University.     

Examination of Silicate Limitation of Primary Production in Jiaozhou Bay, North ChinaⅢ.Judgment Method, Rules and Uniqueness of Nutrient Limitation Among N, P, and Si

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＮａｎｄＰｉｎｐｕｔｔｅｄｉｎｔｏＪｉａｏｚｈｏｕＢａｙｂｙｒｉｖｅｒｓａｎｄｂｙｓｅｗａｇｅｅｆｆｌｕｅｎｔｓｏｆｃｉｔｉｅｓ ,ｈａｖｅｍａｄｅｔｈｅＢａｙｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｄａｙｂｙｄａｙ .Ｓｈｅｎ ( 1994)ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｔｈａｔｐｈｙｔｏｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈｗａｓｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｆｒｏｍｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｔｏｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｏｕｓ ;ａｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｉｌｉｃａｔｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎＪｉａｏｚｈ…     

硅酸盐细菌在矿物表面上的吸附及其选择性——以正长石和黑云母为例

以硅酸盐细菌和正长石、黑云母为实验材料,研究了正长石和黑云母单独存在以及二者共存时,吸附时间和细菌浓度对硅酸盐细菌在其表面上吸附行为的影响。研究结果表明:1)硅酸盐细菌在正长石和黑云母上单位面积吸附量达到最大的时间分别为40min和30min,对应的细菌浓度分别为25×106个/mL和30×106个/mL;2)在细菌浓度相同时,无论是在正长石和黑云母单一矿物体系还是在二者共存体系中,正长石表面的单位面积吸附量始终大于黑云母;3)在正长石和黑云母共存体系中,硅酸盐细菌倾向于选择性吸附在正长石上,而且细菌浓度越大这种倾向越明显。实验结果有可能为研究矿物的微生物风化机理提供重要的信息。     

大溶隙岩溶地层的有效钻孔堵漏方法

复杂地层钻探问题一直是地质勘探、工程勘察及工程施工钻进中的主要技术难题。分析了复杂地层钻探护壁堵漏的方法；结合宁夏六盘山区东北麓芒硝矿钻探工程，对于大溶隙岩溶地层钻探，提出采用水泥-水玻璃-布袋护壁堵漏方法。阐述了漏失通道的性质和位置的分析方法、护壁堵漏方案和原理、正确确定注浆压力及最大注浆量的方法。