黔东北寒武系牛蹄塘组沉积学特征及沉积环境演化

通过对黔东北松桃-江口地区寒武系牛蹄塘组调查研究及系统的样品控制,以岩石学、层序地层学、微量元素地球化学为技术手段,研究发现该组地层岩石主要为富含炭质细碎屑岩组合,沉积构造丰富,识别出该地层组为完整的三级层序,自下而上可进一步划分为盆地-大陆斜坡-深水陆棚相沉积。微量元素总体上富亲铜、亲铁元素,贫亲石元素;以V、Ni、Mo、Re、As、Cd、U元素丰度及U/Th、δU、V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co比值指标证实研究区牛蹄塘组中下部沉积条件均位于氧化界以下,属于贫氧-厌氧还原环境,为区域上V、Mo等元素的超常富集提供必要条件,至本组上部为贫氧-弱氧化环境,划分出Ⅶ个氧化还原幕次,细化了研究区牛蹄塘组沉积环境条件及其演化特征。     

二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层剪切蠕变特性研究

以西南灰岩山区二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层为研究对象,开展了原生软岩、层间剪切带和滑带3个演化阶段的矿物组成成分、微结构和不同正应力水平的剪切蠕变力学特性分析。结果表明：软弱夹层在演化过程中,矿物组分发生改变,黏土矿物含量在原生软岩中小于5%,层间剪切带中在5%～10%之间,滑带中大于10%。微结构由致密变得疏松,颗粒间连接力减弱;软弱夹层的蠕变位移和蠕变速率随着剪应力增加而增大,呈非线性关系。在相同剪应力条件下,蠕变位移和蠕变速率的关系为：滑带>层间剪切带>原岩。长期剪切强度逐渐降低,黏聚力的降幅大于内摩擦角,对时间的敏感程度较高。为受软弱夹层控制的层状基岩滑坡的发育发展过程、失稳机制研究提供了重要借鉴意义。     

三峡库区巫山金鸡岭滑坡成因机制与变形特征

三峡库区新城区迁建多采用就地后靠方式,工程扰动叠加强降雨往往诱发滑坡失稳。基于重庆巫山江东小区金鸡岭滑坡,对其影响因素和成因机制进行探讨。工程扰动不仅是传统认为的后缘加载、前缘削脚作用,更重要的是坡体表层土方堆填阻断了滑坡体地表水泄流通道,使地表水向地下水转化。强降雨作用下滑坡体内地下水位明显升高,导致金鸡岭滑坡2018年8月1日前后发生较大变形。采取降水井抽排地下水等应急处置后,滑坡变形明显趋缓,可见工程扰动导致的地下水升高是该滑坡诱发的关键因素。数值模拟表明,工程扰动后稳定系数明显降低,对应堆填区渗流场变化明显,渗流加剧,孔隙水压力、水力梯度、总水头上升,结合达西定律与有效应力原理可知渗透力增加,抗剪强度削弱,诱发滑坡变形。     

甘肃天水地区渭河南岸大砂沟泥石流发育特征

以天水地区渭河南岸大砂沟泥石流沟为研究对象,通过野外地质调查以及历史资料的统计,初步了解该泥石流的形成条件、松散物源的补给条件、活动历史;详细研究了该泥石流的运动特征,并提出了相应的治理措施。结果表明:该泥石流沟上游三面不稳定斜坡体上的堆积物和大砂沟沟道内的松散堆积物为该泥石流的主要物源;通过统计分析,在极端降雨天气条件下计算得到洪峰流量为355. 26 m3/s。该泥石流沟仍存在暴发大规模泥石流的可能性,一旦泥石流发生,将对下游甘谷县城居民的生命财产安全造成严重的威胁。研究成果可为天水地区泥石流的防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

辽河坳陷清水洼陷沙三段页岩气富集条件

受构造作用控制,辽河西部凹陷清水洼陷沙三段页岩沉降-沉积中心发生由北西向南东方向的明显迁移,表现为欠补偿沉积的半深湖-深湖相同步迁移。从湖盆中心向陆方向,清水洼陷沙三段沉积时期主要发育了深湖-半深湖-浅湖-扇三角洲等沉积类型,对应形成了从Ⅰ、Ⅱ到Ⅲ型的干酪根分布。与此对应,页岩中的石英、长石等脆性矿物含量递次增多,而黏土矿物含量逐渐减少,反映为沉积相对页岩有机地球化学条件和矿物成分的控制作用。在深大断裂控制下,页岩沉积剖面表现为向西减薄的楔形,TOC从中心处的最大值向外逐渐降低,成熟度R_o介于0.5%~2.0%,为页岩油气的形成提供了有利的富集条件。在现今埋深状态下,洼陷区页岩一般处于热成熟生油阶段,埋深较大的局部地区可达高成熟阶段,进入页岩气为主状态,形成“下气上油”的生烃格局。沙三段页岩主要处于中成岩阶段B期,出现了大量定向排列的片状伊利石。在4 000 m以深的页岩中,伊蒙混层比小于15%,发育了多种孔隙类型,伴生黄铁矿和伊利石等黏土矿物,孔隙度一般为0.7%~3.5%,8~35 nm的页岩孔隙直径所占体积最大。高精度含气量解析结果表明,双兴1井沙三段页岩含气量为1.6~5.44 m³/t,随着页岩储层成岩裂缝增加,页岩含气量不断增加。总含气量、吸附含气量与TOC具有很好的相关性,但总含气量增加速度较吸附气增量速度更大,这与有机质生油气产物关系密切,与溶解态天然气的存在也不无关系。有机质类型多样、油气共生、含气量较大且下气上油,形成了辽河清水洼陷特色的页岩气富集模式。     

准噶尔盆地南缘齐古背斜复杂构造建模技术应用

齐古背斜构造复杂,变形强烈,地震资料相对较差,构造样式建立存在多解性。为准确落实该区构造特征,从地质“戴帽”、倾角标定及平衡恢复与几何变形正演等关键技术出发,对齐古背斜进行精细构造解析,确立齐古背斜为早期构造三角楔与晚期冲断褶皱复合叠加的构造样式。该背斜主体部位具分层、分块构造特征,西段以南倾冲断断裂为主,东段以北倾反冲断裂为主。复杂构造建模技术的应用将有助于建立更为合理的构造解释方案,大大降低油气勘探风险。     

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m~3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Wuyang Siliceous Rocks in the Southern Margin of North China Craton and its Constraint on the Formation Environment of BIF of Tieshanmiao Formation

Precambrian banded iron formation(BIF) is one of the most important mineral resources in China, mostly abundant in the North China Craton(NCC) with relatively less common in South China. Since the BIF and siliceous rocks both originated from chemical deposition, the syngenetic BIF and Siliceous rocks can help evaluate their environment of formation. We examine here the mineralogy and geochemistry of siliceous rocks associated with the Tieshanmiao Formation BIF, aiming to decipher the conditions of formation of both BIF and Siliceous rocks in the Wuyang area in the NCC. Analysis of the geochemical characteristics of whole rock shows that the Si O2 content of the siliceous rock ranges from 90.11% to 94.85% and is relatively high overall. Trace element contents of Ba and U are also high, the Ba/Sr ratio ranges from 3.89 to 25.28 and the U/Th ratio ranges from 0.09 to 0.20. Finally, the ΣREE value of rare earth elements ranges from 57.03 ppm to 152.59 ppm, and these indexes all indicate that siliceous rock resulted from hydrothermal deposition. Plots of Al2 O3-Si O2, Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O)-Mn O2/Ti O2 and Mn-10×(Cu+Co+Ni)-Fe in discrimination diagrams also verify this interpretation. However, both the Mg O content, ranging from 0.16 to 0.32, and the Fe/Ti ratio, ranging from 2.50 to 9.72, suggest that terrigenous material was added during the depositional process. Major and trace element parameters of siliceous rock, such as the Al/(A1+Fe+Mn) ratio(from 0.81 to 0.93), Mn O/Ti O2(from 0.00 to 0.17), Al/(Al+Fe)(from 0.82 to 0.93), Sc/Th ratio(from 0.21 to 0.50), U/Th(from 0.09 to 0.20),(La/Yb)N(from 0.83 to 3.04), and the(La/Ce)N(from 0.01 to 0.02) all imply that the siliceous rock formed in a continental margin. In addition, the Sr/Ba ratio from 0.08 to 0.26, the δCe value from 0.31 to 0.90, and the δEu value from 0.14 to 0.58, all indicate that the siliceous rock was formed at a relatively deeper water depth and under weak hydrodynamic conditions. Siliceous rock and BIF formed in the same geological setting, with the Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O) ratio of siliceous rock ranging from 28.61 to 47.43, the Si O2/Al2 O3 ratio from 16.53 to 32.37, and the Si O2/Mg O ratio from 287.28 to 592.81, which are all in agreement with chemical deposition associated with volcanic eruptions. The Al2 O3/Ti O2 ratio from 37.82 to 50.30 indicates that the magma source of siliceous rock was of slightly intermediate composition. During the Late Archean in the Wuyang area, the high concentration and high purity Si O2 quickly precipitated from hydrothermal fluids to finally result in the accumulation of siliceous rock in a marginal sea, while the input corresponding to iron formation components was deposited to form iron formation layers, and limestone was only the product formed during the deposition intervals of siliceous rock and iron formations. In this study, the synsedimentary siliceous rocks of BIF act as a new way to provide direct evidence to understand the formation environment of BIF due to its high geochemical stability.     

A New Fracability Evaluation Approach for Shale Reservoirs Based on Multivariate Analysis: A Case Study in Zhaotong Shale Gas Demonstration Zone in Sichuan,China

Fracability characterizes the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. The existing assessment methods cannot reflect the actual value of the effectiveness due to a lack of comprehensive consideration and neglect of the influences of engineering factors. This study aims to solve this problem by implementing geological static data and production dynamic data in multivariate analysis in Zhaotong shale gas demonstration zone. First, the reservoir quality index (RQI) was introduced to evaluate the exploration potential by integrating the geological parameters with gray relational analysis. Moreover, the differences in fracturing fluid types and proppant sizes were considered, and the operating parameters were normalized on the basis of the equivalence principle. Finally, the general reservoir fracability index (GRFI) was proposed based on a dimensioned processing of the various parameters. A case study was conducted to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this new approach. The results demonstrate that (1) the organic carbon and gas content are adjusted to contribute the most to the calculation of the RQI, while the effective porosity contributes the least; (2) the fracturing scale is the main operating parameter determining the fracability, which has the strongest correlation with the effectiveness of fracking; and (3) the GRFI has a positive correlation with shale gas production, and the lower limit of the GRFI of 2,000 corresponds to a daily production of 50,000 m3/d; this value is defined as the threshold value of a stripper well. The GRFI is consistent with the productivity trend of shale gas wells in the research block, which suggests that the new model is accurate and practical for well candidate selection.     

Molecular Structure of Kerogen in the Longmaxi Shale: Insights from Solid State NMR,FT‐IR,XRD and HRTEM

Kerogen plays an important role in shale gas adsorption, desorption and diffusion. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the molecular structure of kerogen. In this study, four kerogen samples were isolated from the organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the maturity of these kerogen samples. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were conducted to characterize the molecular structure of the shale samples. The results demonstrate that VReqv of these kerogen samples vary from 2.3% to 2.8%, suggesting that all the kerogen samples are in the dry gas window. The macromolecular carbon skeleton of the Longmaxi Formation kerogen is mainly aromatic (fa’=0.56). In addition, the aromatic structural units are mainly composed of naphthalene (23%), anthracene (23%) and phenanthrene (29%). However, the aliphatic structure of the kerogen macromolecules is relatively low (fal*+falH=0.08), which is presumed to be distributed in the form of methyl and short aliphatic chains at the edge of the aromatic units. The oxygen-containing functional groups in the macromolecules are mainly present in the form of carbonyl groups (fac=0.23) and hydroxyl groups or ether groups (falO=0.13). The crystallite structural parameters of kerogen, including the stacking height (Lc=22.84 ?), average lateral size (La=29.29 ?) and interlayer spacing (d002=3.43 ?), are close to the aromatic structural parameters of anthracite or overmature kerogen. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the aromatic structure is well oriented, and more than 65% of the diffractive aromatic layers are concentrated in the main direction. Due to the continuous deep burial, the longer aliphatic chains and oxygen-containing functional groups in the kerogen are substantially depleted. However, the ductility and stacking degree of the aromatic structure increases during thermal evolution. This study provides quantitative information on the molecular structure of kerogen samples based on multiple research methods, which may contribute to an improved understanding of the organic pores in black shale.