黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的沉积环境与地球化学响应

下寒武统黑色岩系在我国华北、华南及塔里木盆地等广泛发育,但富有机质泥页岩的分布特征及其控制因素未有定论。本文对黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(及同时期地层)不同沉积相带典型剖面中的富有机质泥页岩及其上下层位进行了地球化学分析,识别出寒武纪早期不同沉积相带氧化还原环境的明显差异。台内凹陷相主要岩性为黑色页岩,底部为不等厚的薄层磷块岩和硅质岩或硅磷质结核,沉积的黑色页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素显著富集,反映了贫氧-缺氧环境,以及短暂动态的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了其为局限盆地特征;上斜坡相为贫氧到氧化的沉积环境,但更多地是表现为氧化的沉积环境,其中牛蹄塘期存在局部的硫化环境,沉积的黑色页岩厚度小,但有机质丰度最高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素的富集程度较低;盆地相为黑色硅质岩与富有机质的黑色硅质页岩间互沉积,同期沉积厚度较小,有机质丰度相对较低,V和U的富集程度大于台内凹陷相,而Ni和Mo的富集程度则低于台内凹陷相,指示了缺氧环境,期间伴随有贫氧和短暂的氧化环境存在,且可能存在局部的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了中等的局限程度。总的来说,黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的有机质丰度、厚度以及微量元素富集程度等特征主要受控于不同的氧化还原环境。     

湘西下寒武统牛蹄塘组地球化学特征及其对沉积-构造环境的响应

为深入探讨湘西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系沉积-构造环境,对三岔剖面黑色岩系进行了详细采样测试,并重点分析了主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征。研究结果表明,牛蹄塘组黑色岩系不仅有机碳含量高,而且相比于北美页岩更富集V、Ni、Cr等微量元素。δ~(13)C_(org)及微量元素判别指标V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、δU、Ce/La、Ce_(anom)等特征的变化均反映牛蹄塘组沉积期水体属缺氧还原的浅水环境,且Mo/TOC与U_(EF)-Mo_(EF)协同模式表明沉积区当时为一局限海盆环境。稀土元素(REE)中轻稀土相对重稀土富集,且北美页岩标准化分布模式呈近水平略微左倾状,结合元素比值特征和La/YbCe/Yb、La/Yb-ΣREE图解,牛蹄塘组黑色岩系的母岩以长英质岩石为主,但沉积过程也受到海底热液作用影响。同时,根据δCe、δEu的特征与K_2O/Na_2O-SiO_2图解,认为沉积区在早寒武世为被动大陆边缘构造背景。     

湘西北早寒武世黑色岩系微量元素地球化学特征

对湘西北杆子坪剖面牛蹄塘组黑色岩系进行了系统的微量元素地球化学研究，结果表明：牛蹄塘组底部黑色岩系Ni、Mo、V、U、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Tl、Ba等亲硫元素与过渡元素高度富集，U／Th大于1，稀土元素具有明显的正Eu异常与正Y异常，是海底热水沉积作用的结果。牛蹄塘组上部碳质页岩与泥质页岩亲硫元素与过渡元素明显降低，而Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Rb等高场强与大离子元素明显增高，表明陆源碎屑来源越来越多。     

宁南盆地古近纪沉积岩地球化学特征对沉积环境的反映

沉积物元素地球化学特征是盆地沉积环境变化的响应。通过分析沉积岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量变化特征,研究了宁南盆地古近纪气候条件、古盐度和氧化还原环境。Cu、Cs质量分数变化以及Rb/Sr比值、Sr/Cu比值特征,揭示寺口子组沉积时期至少存在一期由潮湿-干旱转变的气候事件,从寺口子组沉积末期到清水营组沉积初期,古气候由干旱变为潮湿。Sr/Ba比值和B/Ga比值反映清水营组沉积水体盐度与寺口子组相差不大,仅在石峡口水库处古盐度值极大,其他地区略有减小。寺口子组沉积过程中,水体盐度有所增加。氧化还原指标V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、δU、δCe、Ce/La和Ce_(anom)以及氧化还原敏感元素V、U、Ni、Zn和Cr的质量分数变化指示清水营组沉积时期水体氧含量整体小于寺口子组沉积时期。寺口子组沉积环境以氧化环境为主,清水营组沉积水体为氧-贫氧环境。     

贵州盘县晚二叠世潮坪相沉积特征

通过对贵州盘县上二叠统钻井资料的研究分析,基于沉积岩石学、沉积学、古生物地史学及沉积地球化学等相标志识别出潮坪沉积以陆源碎屑沉积为主,可细分为砂坪、混合坪、泥坪、泥炭坪和潮沟等5种微相。分析认为:潮坪沉积发育海退型进积层序,沉积物粒度整体较细,分选性较好,发育潮汐层理;混合坪、泥坪、泥炭坪微相泥岩中V/(V+Ni)、Sr/Ba、U/Th、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Ceanom等地球化学参数指示了各微相沉积水体的缺氧-贫氧-氧化状态、贫氧-氧化状态和还原-贫氧-缺氧-氧化状态,与地质背景吻合性好。     

黔东前寒武纪-寒武纪转换时期微量元素地球化学特征研究

对黔东丹寨南皋剖面和三都渣拉沟剖面前寒武纪-寒武纪转换时期地层进行了系统的微量元素地球化学研究,结果表明:丹寨南皋剖面的Ba、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Li、V、U等过渡元素和亲硫元素在多金属矿层和牛蹄塘组下部的黑色页岩中明显富集;三都剖面在相同层位也明显富集Cu、Pb、Rb、Ti、Ni、V、Th、Li、Cr、Zr、Sc等微量元素。南皋剖面的δU值和V/(Ni V)值表明老堡组硅质岩为正常海水的弱氧化环境下沉积物,而牛蹄塘组黑色页岩表现出缺氧环境的特征。三都渣拉沟剖面的δU值和V/(Ni V)值表明该剖面的还原条件比丹寨南皋剖面强,暗示着水体也较它深,为缺氧环境,其间在老堡组硅质岩中有两个短暂的充氧阶段,进入渣拉沟组缺氧环境较稳定。除丹寨老堡组硅质岩和三都渣拉沟组中上部钙质泥岩U/Th值小于1,表现出水成沉积岩的地球化学特征外,本次研究的两条剖面的其他黑色岩系的U/Th值都大于1,表现出明显的热水沉积岩的地球化学特征。从我们的研究剖面也可看出下寒武统牛蹄塘组底部的Ni-Mo矿多金属的Ni、V等金属的含量是上地壳的9～10倍之高,U高达近百倍,可作地层对比标志层,即梅树村阶的顶界标志。     

贵阳花溪燕楼剖面下三叠统大冶组地球化学特征与沉积环境分析

贵阳花溪燕楼剖面下三叠统大冶组微量元素及稀土元素地球化学特征分析表明:U、V、Mo的含量及U/Th、V/Th、Mo/Th的比值,大于澳大利亚后太古代页岩(PAAS)的含量和比值。V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、V/Sc以及MoEF/UEF等氧化还原敏感元素的参数特征及其含量显示,大冶组一段处于缺氧-贫氧环境,大冶组二段处于贫氧—氧化环境。研究区经PAAS标准化的稀土配分模式比较平坦,根据大冶组的δCe及Ce/La的参数特征,认为早三叠世整体处于海洋环境;大冶组底部呈现明显Eu正异常,表明受火山热液作用影响明显;可见早三叠世贫氧环境可能与火山作用频发有关。大冶组上部表现微弱Eu正异常,说明火山作用的影响减弱。基于双壳类化石的结构及生活方式分析认为Claraia营外栖足丝固着的生活方式,属于贫氧生物,壳类化石结构只表现棱柱状外壳层和复杂交错纹层状珍珠层,其生活环境应为水动力条件较弱的浅水区。     

鄂西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩元素地球化学特征及沉积古环境恢复

目前关于牛蹄塘组页岩沉积古环境及其对有机质富集影响的认识尚显不足。为此,基于总有机碳（TOC）含量测定、XRD矿物组分分析、沉积地球化学分析等方法,以鄂西地区X井和Y井牛蹄塘组页岩为研究对象,揭示了页岩的沉积古环境,并探究了其对页岩有机质富集的影响。研究结果表明牛蹄塘组牛二段下部为富有机质层段,石英含量最高。牛一段页岩的Ca、P富集显著,牛二段以及牛三段页岩的Ca、Fe富集显著,其中牛二段页岩中的氧化还原敏感元素Mo、U富集程度最高。牛蹄塘组页岩无明显的Eu异常,轻稀土元素（LREE）比重稀土元素（HREE）更加富集。硅质页岩沉积于高的古生产力、较低的碎屑输入以及缺氧的底水环境;钙质页岩沉积于较高的古生产力、相对较低的碎屑输入以及贫氧—氧化的底水环境;而黏土质页岩和硅质—黏土质页岩沉积于较低的古生产力、较高的碎屑输入以及氧化的底水环境。此外,Ba_bio、Si_bio、U/Th、C_org/P_tot、Al、Ti/Al等古环境指标在垂向上的变化表明牛蹄塘组从沉积的早期到晚期,水深逐渐变浅,水动力条件变强,沉积底水的氧含量逐渐增加,表层水体的古生产力逐渐降低。缺氧的底水条件是控制牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩发育的关键因素。     

黔北镇远牛蹄塘组黑色页岩沉积环境与有机质富集关系

通过矿物组分、主量元素、微量元素、碳氧同位素等特征，分析了黔北地区镇远县ZX井牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的岩相类型和不同岩相页岩的沉积环境及其与有机质富集间的关系。结果表明，牛蹄塘组下段以硅质页岩为主，TOC含量4. 96%~10. 10%；上段以富泥硅质页岩为主，TOC含量1. 43%~9. 04%。下段硅质页岩沉积于水流停滞的深水陆棚环境，沉积古水体为贫氧的还原状态；上段富泥硅质页岩沉积时期，仍为贫氧的还原环境，但水体滞留程度、还原性较下段硅质页岩沉积期弱。贫氧的还原环境是影响牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质富集的主要因素，热液作用和陆源碎屑对牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质富集的影响较小。     

藏南白垩系泥、页岩微量、稀土元素特征及氧化-还原环境分析

为了解藏南定日-岗巴盆地和江孜盆地白垩纪沉积时底层水体的氧化一还原环境,采用ICP-MS方法进行微量元素及稀土元素测试分析.结果表明:研究区微量元素在时空上均发生了变化,这与各元素对沉积水体的氧化一还原敏感程度有关.元素Al标准化后变化趋势也不尽相同,其垂向上的变化反映了沉积物底层水体氧化-还原状况、生物产率等沉积环境,与海平面升降、陆源碎屑输入、成岩作用再活化及沉积后氧化作用等多因素有关.V/(V+Ni)、U/Th、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Re/Mo、Uau及δU比值表明早白垩世及晚白垩世中、晚期藏南地区盆地内底层水体环境总体上为中等分层的含氧环境,但定日一岗巴盆地内晚白垩世早期Cenomanian-Turonian界线附近微量元素发生突变,显示为强烈的还原环境.稀土元素球粒陨石标准化后均表现为轻稀土富集的右倾型,LREE/HREE介于7.42～14.80之间,LaN/YbN变化范围为7.93～18.54,δEu负异常,δCe异常不明显,表明为含氧环境.因此微量、稀土元素微观分析与野外宏观露头观察相结合,不但可以作为地层划分对比的直接依据,且能更准确、有效地判断地层沉积时底层水体的环境状况.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

Inter-regional correlation of transgressions and regressions in the Cretaceous period

Well investigated platforms have been selected in each continent, and the history of Cretaceous transgressions and regressions there is concisely reviewed from the available evidence. The factual records have been summarized into a diagram and the timing of the events correlated between distant as well as adjoining areas.On a global scale, major transgressions were stepwise enlarged in space and time from the Neocomian, via Aptian-Albian, to the Late Cretaceous, and the post-Cretaceous regression was very remarkable. Minor cycles of transgression-regression were not always synchronous between different areas. Some of them were, however, nearly synchronous between the areas facing the same ocean.Tectono-eustasy may have been the main cause of the phenomena of transgression-regression, but certain kinds of other tectonic movements which affected even the so-called stable platforms were also responsible for the phenomena. The combined effects of various causes may have been unusual in the Cretaceous, since it was a period of global tectonic activity. The slowing down of this activity followed by readjustments may have been the cause of the global regression at the end of the Cretaceous.     

The lamprophyres of Afyon stratovolcano,western Anatolia,Turkey: description and genesis

The Afyon stratovolcano exhibits lamprophyric rocks, emplaced as hydrovolcanic products, aphanitic lava flows and dyke intrusions, during the final stages of volcanic activity. Most of the Afyon volcanics belong to the silica-saturated alkaline suite, as potassic trachyandesites and trachytes, while the products of the latest activity are lamproitic lamprophyres (jumillite, orendite, verite, fitztroyite) and alkaline lamprophyres (campto-sannaite, sannaite, hyalo-monchiquite, analcime–monchiquite). Afyon lamprophyres exhibit LILE and Zr enrichments, related to mantle metasomatism.     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20140751 Guo Xincheng(Geological Party,BGMRED of Xinjiang,Changji 831100,China);Zheng Yuzhuang Determination and Geological Significance of the Mesoarchean Craton in Western Kunlun Mountains,Xinjiang,China(Geological Review,ISSN0371-5736,CN11-1952/P,59(3),2013,p.401-412,8     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141058 Chen Ling(Key Laboratory of Mathematical Geology of Sichuan Province,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu610059,China);Guo Ke Study of Geochemical Ore-Forming Anomaly Identification Based on the Theory of Blind Source Separation(Geosci-     

SEISMIC GEOLOGY

正20141334 Chen Kun(Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing100081,China);Yu Yanxiang Shakemap of Peak Ground Acceleration with Bias Correction for the Lushan,Sichuan Earthquake on April20,2013(Seismology and Geology,ISSN0253-4967,CN11-2192/P,35(3),2013,p.627-633,2 illus.,1 table,9 refs.)Key words:great earthquakes,Sichuan Province     

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY

正20141624 Cai Xiongfei(Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology,Ministry of Education,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Yang Jie A Restudy of the Upper Sinian Zhengmuguan and Tuerkeng Formations in the Helan Mountains(Journal of Stratigraphy,ISSN0253-4959CN32-1187/P,37(3),2013,p.377-386,5 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20142263Lü Shaojun(Geological Survey of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang 330030,China)Early-Middle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet(Resources SurveyEnvironment,ISSN1671-4814,CN32-1640/N,34(4),2013,p.221-227,2illus.,2tables,22refs.)Key words:biostratigraphy,Lower Permian,Middle Permian,Tibet     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20142560Hu Hongxia(Regional Geological and Mineral Resources Survey of Jilin Province,Changchun 130022,China);Dai Lixia Application of GIS Map Projection Transformation in Geological Work(Jilin Geology,ISSN1001-2427,CN22-1099/P,32(4),2013,p.160-163,4illus.,2refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20140692 Duo Tianhui(No.402 Geological Team,Exploration of Geology and Mineral Resources of Sichuan Authority,Chengdu611730,China);Wang Yongli Computer Simulation of Neptunium Existing Forms in the Groundwater(Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,ISSN1001-1749,CN51-1242/P,35(3),