辽代西拉木伦河流域聚落分布与环境选择

辽代西拉木伦河流域及毗邻地区的聚落是分析论证农业开垦范围与环境扰动的重要依据,作者将这一地区的聚落分为两类,其中之一为散居在各处的基层聚落,规模小,人口少,围绕聚落形成的耕地范围也有限,不是造成环境扰动的主要方面。另一类以府、州城为中心形成的聚落,人口集中,耕地范围大,且大部分州治城邑属契丹历史纪念地,而不是农业垦殖适宜地;个别州治城邑地处沙地中部,不具备农业开垦的条件,由于人口集中,这些农田插花地不但范围大,而且是引起环境问题的关键地区。     

陕北黄土丘陵区乡村聚落土壤水蚀观测分析

通过2004年6月至10月, 在陕北对降雨形成的乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的定位观测, 其结果表明：①乡村聚落的平均径流系数为0.335, 其中延安最大, 为0.44;榆林和绥德较小, 分别为0.293、0.272。同时, 道路和庭院的径流系数较大, 分别为0.39、0.377, 户间空地较小, 为0.277;②径流平均含沙量以户间空地最大 (52.54 g/l), 次为户间道路 (41.42 g/l), 而院落径流含沙量较小 (17.78 g/l);③乡村聚落的平均侵蚀强度为5434.3 t/km², 已达强度级侵蚀, 其中户间道路、户间空地侵蚀较大, 分别为7348 t/km²、6873 t/km², 庭院相对较小, 为2081.7 t/km²;④乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的变化, 受人为影响更加突出。说明黄土高原乡村聚落土壤侵蚀较严重, 并且具有特殊性, 不可忽视, 应加强研究和防治。     

Spatio-temporal modelling of informal settlement development in Sancaktepe district, Istanbul, Turkey

In less developed countries, the recent high rates of urban expansion are often associated with the emergence of informal settlements that may exaggerate social and environmental problems and impede sustainable development. An enhanced understanding of informal development may, therefore, be a key for future success in its effective management. This paper explores the possibilities offered by progress in Geo-Information Science and spatial modelling to improve understanding of informal settlement development through comprehensive spatio-temporal analyses. First, it investigates spatial and temporal patterns of the growth of the informal settlements in Sancaktepe district of Istanbul between 1990 and 2005. Second, using a logistic regression model, an analysis of the driving forces of informal development and prediction of probable locations of new informal settlements are performed. A list of spatial factors that are correlated to informal development is compiled and used to build six logistic regression models for different time steps between 1990 and 2005. Population density, slope, and proportion of informal settlements in the neighbourhood were found to be the main predictors influencing the spatial development of informal settlements during the study period. The performance of the models is evaluated and validated to identify those which best explain the informal development in the study area. As a result, three models built for 1990-1995 and 1995-2000 were selected to generate probability maps of informal settlement development, showing the likelihood for each location to be informally developed in the future. These results can be used as a basis for the evaluation of the process of informal development in other parts of Istanbul, as well as in other cities and countries. At the same time, the technique may serve as a decision-making tool for urban planners and policy makers.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

面向乡村振兴的农村居民点用地结构转型研究

农村居民点作为乡村地域功能的空间反映,其内部用地功能结构随着经济社会发展发生剧烈变动,“转型”正成为当前中国农村居民点用地结构发展的主要特征。本文以乡村振兴战略需求为切入点,在阐明农村居民点用地结构转型内涵的基础上,依据“过程-类型-机制-优化”的研究思路系统剖析农村居民点用地结构转型规律,将农村居民点用地结构转型研究与乡村振兴战略需求相结合。研究认为,基于农村居民点内部典型地类间组合关系的演变过程,其转型可划分为外向非农化、内生乡村化和空心衰败化三种类型。城镇化、乡村工业化和以乡村振兴战略为主的农业农村现代化通过改变城乡间人口、土地、资本和技术等要素流动和资源配置效率进而影响着居民点转型的方向和结果;同时,合理、有序的农村居民点用地结构也可为乡村振兴的具体实施提供空间基础。未来应以乡村振兴战略需求为导向,从类型转换、效率提升和制度保障等角度优化居民点用地结构转型,以期在理论上创新和完善农村居民点用地转型与优化的研究范式,实践上为村庄规划和乡村振兴提供科技支撑。     

基于地理尺度的中国人居环境研究进展

对国内人居环境的地理尺度进行了新的划分,主体分为现实人居环境、意象人居环境和拟态人居环境（即“三态”）,采用“主观文献归纳+客观文献计量”的方法对地理尺度视角下的人居环境内容、数据和方法等进行评述与展望。① 研究内容趋向综合集成化、新人地关系“广深化”和尺度交叉化等;② 研究数据表现出质度和量度的优化态势、多源数据的时空融合趋势和“小数据+大数据”的组合互补方向等;③ 研究方法体现在质性研究的更新化、计量模型的丰富化和“大数据智能分析+小数据抽样调查”的聚合化等。未来,国内人居环境研究应深化“一横+一纵”的逻辑分析原则,横向尺度关注居住、工作、交通、游憩等不同人类活动的时空特征,纵向尺度关注现实人居环境、意象人居环境及拟态人居环境融合趋势下人类聚居的深层结构,围绕着“三态”人居行为逐步完善为多视角、多领域和系统综合的学科群组。     

Assessment of Climate Suitability for Human Settlements in Tibet,China

Climate is an important factor that affects the livability of a region. The climate suitability of a region’s environment for human settlement profoundly affects the regional socio-economic development and the population distribution. Tibet is an area that is sensitive to climate change. Given the impact of global climate change, the climate suitability of Tibet has undergone significant changes. In this study, the temperature humidity index (THI) values for Tibet were calculated, and the relationships between the population distribution and the THI were analyzed quantitatively. In this way, the zoning standards for climate suitability in Tibet were determined such that the climate suitability could be evaluated. The results show that the average annual temperature in the southeast of Tibet, where the population was densely distributed, was relatively high. The mean annual relative humidity showed a trend of gradually decreasing from south to north. Regions with a suitable climate, including the high suitability areas (HSAs), the moderately suitable areas (MSAs) and the low suitability areas (LSAs), accounted for only 7.90% of the total area but accommodated over 40% of the total population. The critically suitable areas (CSAs) accounted for 37.81% of the land area and 48.24% of the total population. Non-suitable areas (NSAs) were widely distributed in Tibet and accounted for 54.29% of the total area and 11.33% of the total population. The results of this study may provide a reference for guiding the reasonable distribution of population and promoting the optimization of the spatial planning in Tibet.     

基于遥感与GIS的中国农村居民点规模分布特征

利用2000年TM图像判读的中国土地利用矢量图提取全国农村居民点信息，分析了中国农村规模分布的基本特征。中国农村居民点密度呈现地带性差异，东部地区农村居民点密度较高，西部较低。农村居民点规模区域差异明显。北方大于南方，平原地区大于丘陵地区，经济发达地区大于经济欠发达地区；全国农村居民点规模较小，平均规模越小的地区集中在规模较小的居民点较多。全国农村居民点分布不均匀，孔隙度指数与农村居民点密度相关程度较高，农村居民点密度较高的地区，孔隙度指数较小，农村居民点分布较为均匀，距离较低，农村居民点密度较小的地区，孔隙度指数较大，农村居民点分布不均匀，距离较远。     

Mobile GIS occupancy audit of Ulana informal settlement in Ekurhuleni municipality,South Africa

ABSTRACT

Relocating people in informal settlements and upgrading the lives of those people require consistent commitment, good strategies, and supporting systems. In South Africa, in order to allocate subsidized housing to beneficiaries of an informal settlement, beneficiary administration needs to determine the number of people who qualify for subsidized houses. Without geo-spatial data-based technical verification, conventional methods of occupancy audits are often cumbersome, are unreliable, and do not promote smart and evidence-based decision making. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to propose and develop an Oracle-based mobile GIS tool to conduct an occupancy audit for Ulana, an informal settlement in Ekurhuleni Municipality in South Africa. Android-based tablets were used to collect the geographic and socio-economic attributes of the informal dwelling units (DU). Spatial analysis (in ArcGIS software and geo-spatial modeling environment) and statistical analysis were conducted to produce the occupancy audit. The results indicated that the use of mobile GIS provides up-to-date, accurate, comprehensive, and real-time data so as to facilitate the development of smart and integrated human settlements. The results of this audit also indicated that only 57% of the households residing in Ulana could potentially benefit from receiving a subsidized house. Accordingly, the occupancy audit enables planners to plan appropriate upgrading and housing development strategies for informal settlement. This study demonstrates that successful planning of housing delivery for post independent integrated neighborhoods is not a mere political rhetoric but is viable when it is based on reasonable geo-spatial techniques and information. The use of mobile GIS therefore needs to be extended to other informal settlement upgrading projects in South Africa as well as other cities in the global south. However, proper professional training is required to ensure the successful usage of smart mobile GIS tools.     

Små og mellomstore industribedrifter i Oslo indre by. Problemer,konflikter og tiltak i byfornyelsen

Stray, Kristen Fredrik: Små og mellomstore industribedrifter i Oslo indre by. Problemer, konflikter og tiltak i byfornyelsen. Geografisk Tidsskrift 83: 42–48, May 1., 1983.

In 1977 the City Council of Oslo passed an act of city renewal. 18 renewal districts in the inner part of Oslo were chosen. These areas with houses and housing facilities of low quality consist of a mixture of dwellings and economic activities of industry and trade. This paper deals with the problems and conflicts one meets when bringing through a renewal programme of housing and environmental improvements that cause restrictions to future economic activities or force firms to move out.