Heavy Oils and Oil Sands: Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Gl obal recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show: (1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy-oil basins and 32 oil-sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins. (2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs. (3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults. (4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy-oil development.     

Ownership and Spatial Distribution of Eagle Ford Mineral Wealth in Live Oak County,Texas

U.S. unconventional hydrocarbon production is a driver of economic growth, but mineral wealth ownership is poorly understood and shrouded in “local wealth” mythology that claims royalties from hydrocarbons mostly benefit people who live near sites of production. Mineral property tax appraisals, as proxies for mineral wealth from Live Oak County, a representative Eagle Ford Shale county in Texas, show that 96 percent of assessed mineral wealth concentrates among energy firms and individuals in Texas metropolitan regions; 1.95 percent of mineral wealth remains “local” to the production county, challenging local wealth myths. Deviating from nation-state scalar approaches, local and regional spatial studies of other energy regions might reveal similar wealth distributions, enabling generalizations about hydrocarbon production economic outcomes.     

Climatology of Ozone, PAN, CO, and NMHC in the Free Troposphere Over the Southern North Atlantic

Free tropospheric measurements of ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate andprecursors (CO, NMHC) that were made within the framework of the EUROTRACsub-project TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research) between 1990 and 1995 at theGAW station Izana, Tenerife (28°18N, 16°30W) arediscussed. The average annual cycles reveal the importance of transport fromnorthern mid-latitudes and the role of photo-chemistry. According toair-mass trajectories, which were supplied to us from AEROCE(Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment), transport from northernmid-latitudes is associated with high precursor concentrations in winter,whereas ozone concentrations in winter are not much influenced by transportpatterns, suggesting a rather uniform distribution over the northern part ofthe Northern Hemisphere around mean value of 43 ± 5 ppb. In summer,high ozone concentrations of up to 90 ppb are often encountered duringtransport from north, while the levels of precursors are much lower than inwinter, because of photochemical destruction. Trajectories from southerlylatitudes and the Sahara usually have the lowest ozone concentrationsassociated with them.     

南京北郊气溶胶中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

利用2010年8月采集的南京北郊气溶胶样品,使用GC-MS对美国环保总局推荐的16种优先控制的多环芳烃含量、分布特征进行了研究。在此基础上,用特征比值法、主因子分析法分析得到南京市北郊大气中PAHs的主要来源为车辆尾气、燃煤、天然气和草木秸秆燃烧,并应用绝对因子分析法进一步定量计算主要源对PAHs的浓度贡献率。结果表明:1)大气颗粒物中16种多环芳烃的平均总质量浓度为135.85 ng/m~3,多环芳烃以4环为主,在可吸入颗粒物中的浓度占总浓度的88.7%;2)PM10中多环芳烃呈双模态分布,在9~10μm的粗模态和0.65~1.10μm的积聚模态上各出现一个峰值;3)天然气等对PAHs的贡献率为5.7%~44.1%,燃煤源的贡献率为20.7%~57.8%,汽车尾气的贡献率为4.6%~46.7%,木材燃烧的贡献率为2.9%~38.1%。本地交通排放和燃料燃烧是南京北郊大气颗粒物中PAHs的主要来源,远距离输送也对南京北郊气溶胶中的PAHs有重要贡献。     

有机显微组分X射线衍射分析方法在油气评价中的应用

Ｘ射线衍射分析法适宜于分析有机显微组分的芳环层的层状结构。有机质的芳环层结构与其类型和演化程度有关。表征有机质芳环层的层状结构的主要参数：高度Ｌｃ、宽度Ｌａ、网面间距ｄｈｋ１和芳环层层数可作为油气勘探中判断源岩性质、类型、演化程度与生烃潜力的依据。文章还对参数的变化与意义进行了初步讨论。     

高温气相色谱与石油分析

气相色谱最高柱温主要受柱系统技术水平的限制。使用耐高温如４００℃以上的固定相,改善配套部件的某些性能,可以将传统气相色谱的柱温提高到３２５℃以上。高温气相色谱的应用将为高分子量烃类研究提供重要的分离鉴定手段。综合国内外研究动态论述了高温气相色谱在原油的模拟蒸馏、高蜡原油分析及石蜡产品表征等几方面的研究现状和发展方向。     

Primary Product Distributions from the Reaction of OH with m-, p-Xylene, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

A study was conducted to examine the OH-initiated degradation products of the four title compounds in the presence of sub-part-per-million levels of NO_x. The oxidation was conducted in a dynamic reactor to minimize the conversion of the aromatic compounds. The experiments were designed to represent reaction pathways that occur in the atmosphere at ambient NO₂ concentrations. A wide range of ring-retaining and ring-cleavage products having widely varying yields were measured during the study. For m-xylene, the major primary products observed (with molar yields) were methyl glyoxal (0.40), 4-oxo-2-pentenal (0.12), glyoxal (0.079), and m-tolualdehyde (0.049). For p-xylene, the major primary products were p-tolualdehyde (0.103), 2,5-dimethylphenol (0.13), cis-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.176), trans-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.045), 2-methyl-butenedial (0.071), glyoxal (0.394), and methylglyoxal (0.217). Several other reaction products were measured at yields less than 3%. The primary products for OH + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were found as follows: methylglyoxal (0.44), glyoxal (0.066), cis-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.13), trans-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.031), biacetyl (0.114), 3-methyl-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.079), and 2-methyl-butenedial (0.045). Six other (ring retaining) products were measured at yields less than 3%. The primary products for OH + 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene were methylglyoxal (0.90), 3-methyl-5-methylidene-5(2H)-furanone (0.1), 3,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-2-furanone (0.1), 3,5-dimethyl-5(2H)-2-furanone biacetyl (0.08), and 2-methyl-4-oxo-2- pentenal (0.05). Three other products were detected at molar yields less than 5%. In some cases, the yields for the ring fragmentation products could only be based on calibrations from surrogate compounds. Yields for several of the unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds have not been reported previously while yields for methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and biacetyl are largely consistent with previous reports. Some of the primary furanone products are the identical to those reported as secondary products in aromatic systems.     

有关煤成烃的基本认识

在煤化作用过程中,煤岩组分产出气相和液相物质的同时,固相煤岩组分本身也遭受改造。现今的固相煤岩组分与已产出的气相和液捐物质都是它们共有“前身”演化的“产物”,所以只根据固相煤岩组分的生烃潜能作为评价油气资源的依据还不够理想。煤在短时间高温条件下的热演化,与煤在漫长地质时期、低温条件下自然煤化作用过程中的热化有本质差异,用热解实验方法研究煤成烃尚存在一定问题。煤层内的气处在吸附一解吸和运移的动态平衡状态,决定煤层含气的主导因素是煤层的储气和运移条件,生烃潜能不起主导作用。