地层格架正则化约束下的二维立体层析反演

通过把地层格架信息作用于立体层析Fréchet导数矩阵,使得更新后的速度模型呈现出符合地质规律的块状特征.地层格架信息基于立体层析反演中得到的反射点位置进行非规则B样条插值拟合得到,因此在反演中它将会随着反射点位置的更新自然得到更新.与前人提出的保边缘层析算法或多层立体层析算法相比,本文提出的地层格架正则化无需引入混合正则化项或定义某种复杂的混合速度格式,更为直接也更容易实现.理论和实际数据算例证实了该正则化技巧的稳健性和可靠性,能够得到与实际地质构造特征更为一致的地质一致性反演结果.     

全张量磁梯度数据的斜导数特征值边界识别方法研究

本文提出了一种全张量磁梯度数据的斜导数边界识别方法,该方法利用全张量磁梯度数据定义了北向斜导数、东向斜导数和垂向斜导数.模型试验表明,北向和东向斜导数无法有效识别磁性异常体边界,异常形态复杂虚假异常较多,而垂向斜导数在高纬度斜磁化或者垂直磁化条件下可以清晰而准确得识别地质体的边界,具有一定的深度识别能力.与现有磁张量梯度的边界识别方法相比,识别效果好,可以有效均衡不同深度地质体的响应.将上述方法应用于大兴安岭地区实测航磁三分量数据转换得到的全张量数据,获得了研究区浅部磁性体的分布,并与三分量数据进行联合解释,取得良好的地质效果.     

实景三维精细建模优化方法探索与实践

对比分析目前常用的几种实景三维建模方法及适用性,剖析倾斜摄影三维建模技术在几何结构和模型纹理等方面存在的问题,提出了实景三维精细建模的优化方法和技术路线,着重阐述了高低空航摄相结合的关键技术,明显改善了模型效果,提高了建模的质量与效率,为实景三维数字城市建设提供了技术参考.     

基于无人机倾斜摄影的强震区公路高位危岩崩塌形成机制及稳定性评价

强震区公路高位危岩崩塌具有极高隐蔽性和危害性,传统的接触式勘察方法难以有效调查震后位于公路两侧高陡斜坡体上的危岩崩塌体。提出一种基于无人机的倾斜摄影测量技术,该技术采用无人机超低空采集高位危岩体的高清影像数据,构建三维空间模型,从而提取危岩体特征参数,为危岩体稳定性分析提供数据支撑。利用无人机对某高速公路危岩崩塌地质灾害路段进行调查,对无人机倾斜摄影测量成果进行分析,明确调查区19处危岩崩塌体特征和崩塌成因机制,在此基础上评价典型崩塌体稳定性。并且使用RocFall软件模拟分析典型危岩体崩落运动轨迹,研究高位危岩崩塌对公路的危险性。研究成果对强震区山区公路高位危岩崩塌勘察、稳定性评价工作具有重要的参考价值。     

Geomorphological monitoring of a highly dynamic estuary using oblique aerial photographs

Abstract

Bad weather in many countries limits the use of optical satellite imageries in spatial and temporal monitoring of the environment. In this paper, a series of low-altitude oblique aerial photos taken on daily, weekly and monthly intervals were used to monitor the geomorphological changes in the upper part of the Mersey Estuary, northwestern England. This low-altitude aerial photo methodology reveals itself to be a satisfying compromise between cost, accuracy and difficulty of implementation. It offered a large amount of information on a spatial and temporal scale aiding in the understanding of channel mobility. This was an important consideration in the sitting and installation of new bridge pier foundations. This series of oblique aerial photos was used in a dynamic model to determine the migration of the ebb channel and was effective in identifying the main route of flow. Few uncertainties were encountered and the level of accuracy achieved in resolving these uncertainties in the images was in the range from 40 cm to a maximum of 1.7 m. This was compared with historical navigation charts and showed good correlation. Further applications are required to improve the quality of the data output from these images and the development of the technique.     

倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术及其应用现状分析

倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术将传统测量从二维平面提升至三维立体层次,同时也将部分外业测绘工作转化到内业数据处理,极大程度地提高了生产效率.作为一种新兴测绘技术,倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术具有其自身的两面性,本文从倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术原理出发,结合其优点及不足之处,详细阐述分析了该技术在各个领域的应用现状及优化措施.     

陡倾层状斜向岩层视向溃屈机制力学分析——以陕西山阳滑坡为例

以陕西山阳滑坡为例,分析了陡倾层状斜向岩层岩质滑坡的视向滑动特征、滑移-溃屈破坏模式与机制。基于梁板理论、层状板裂结构岩体弯曲-溃屈破坏的力学模型在考虑自重、地下水静水压力作用及斜倾层状山体视向滑动侧向摩阻力作用的影响下,采用岩体结构力学分析的方法建立了相应的力学模型;经过力学分析,推导出基于斜坡自重、地下水静水压力与侧向摩阻力作用下的陡倾层状斜向岩层斜坡溃屈段长度条件方程。为验证条件方程的正确性,以山阳滑坡为例进行了验算,最后得出与实际调查较一致的结果,为防御陡倾层状斜向岩层斜坡产生视向溃屈破坏提供依据。      

Prediction of one-dimensional compression behavior of Nansha clay using fractional derivatives

Nansha clay is an interactive marine and terrestrial deposited soft clay that is widely spread in Guangzhou, Pearl River Delta, China. To avoid excessive settlement after construction, there is a need for better quantifying the time-dependent deformation of the soft clay. This paper presents a preliminary study to predict the one-dimensional compression of Nansha clay using fractional derivatives. A fractional Merchant model was introduced to describe the time-dependent settlement, and analytical solutions were obtained in terms of the Mittag-Leffler function. The oedometer test results were presented to validate this model. Compared with classical rheological models, the fractional derivative-based model enabled close estimation of the one-dimensional compression with fewer parameters. The meaning of the order of fractional derivative and its relationship with the clay physical properties were explored. It shows that a smaller value of this order corresponded to a higher coefficient of consolidation and a lower coefficient of secondary consolidation. The amplitude of both the primary and secondary consolidation of clay may be estimated quantitatively by the order of fractional derivative. Taken together, these results may open up new avenues for theoretical and empirical modeling of rheological phenomena in clay using fractional derivatives.     

位场各阶垂向导数换算的新正则化方法

位场垂向导数大量应用于位场数据处理与解释中.当前广泛采用的位场各阶垂向导数换算方法为基于Laplace方程并结合波数域和空间域方法的具有递推特性的ISVD(integrated second vertical derivative)算法.本文在位场垂向导数换算的正则化方法和径向平均功率谱的基础上,提出一种位场各阶垂向导数换算的新正则化方法.新正则化方法仅需通过分析位场径向平均功率谱来确定一个截止波数,即可稳定换算位场各阶垂向导数.理论模型和实测数据实验结果表明:(1)新正则化方法物理意义明确、计算简单,且各阶垂向导数换算的稳定性和精度明显优于ISVD算法;(2)在用新正则化方法求得各阶垂向导数的基础上,利用泰勒级数法可以获得大深度、高精度的位场向下延拓结果.     

利用加强水平方向总水平导数对位场全张量数据进行边界识别

位场全张量梯度数据以其信息量大、含有更高频的信号成分,能更好地描述小的异常特征等优点在地球物理领域中得到广泛应用.边界检测是位场解释中不可缺少的任务,需要新的边界探测器来处理位场梯度张量数据.为了充分利用位场梯度张量数据的多信息成分,本文定义了方向总水平导数和加强方向总水平导数,并利用其定义新的边界检测器.为了能同时显示不同振幅大小异常的边界,本文对其进行了归一化处理.通过模型试验,证明了归一化方法能更加清晰准确地显示浅部和深部的地质体边界信息.最后将该边界检测方法用于加拿大圣乔治湾实际测得全张量重力梯度数据和中国朱日和地区的磁异常数据中,并得到了较好的边界检测结果.