基于分形径向谱的位场向下延拓截止波数自动确定方法

向下延拓是重磁位场数据处理与解释的一项重要技术,并因其固有的不稳定性而成为研究的热点.为获得稳定向下延拓结果,波数域向下延拓一般通过附加低通滤波器或改造向下延拓因子来完成.由此,滤波器或改造因子的截止波数则是精确向下延拓的关键.本文基于分形修正径向平均功率谱的物理特性,提出一种位场向下延拓截止波数的自动确定方法.基于理论重力模型和航磁实测数据的向下延拓对比实验结果表明：(1)本文所提出的自动确定方法物理意义明确,能快速有效地确定截止波数并进而获得向下延拓正则参数;(2)基于本文方法的正则化向下延拓结果优于改进导数迭代法的向下延拓结果.     

位场波数域转换算法误差方程及其应用(英文)

偏移抽样理论是本文作者建立的更普遍的傅立叶变换数值计算的理论. 基于这一理论,作者在现文中导出了位场波数域转换算法误差方程,该方程不仅给出了更灵活的位场波数域转换算法,而且揭示了位场波数域转换中的误差规律.源于该方程的DFT0η η(0.5,0.5)化极技术可以大大提高低纬度(包括磁赤道)化极磁异常的分辨率和精度.该方程所揭示的波数域位场高通转换中边缘振荡的规律性(来源、形成机理和基本性质),从理论上指出了改善现有高通转换位场数据拓边技术效果的途径.     

位场向下延拓的改进迭代维纳滤波法

根据维纳滤波理论导出的位场向下延拓滤波器为最佳下延滤波器,但因其实现需要已知待求位场和噪声的功率谱而在实际应用中受到限制.针对该问题,本文首先提出一种基于位场径向平均功率谱的位场噪声水平估计方法,进而利用偏差准则求取正则化参数,实现位场正则化向下延拓;然后将位场正则化下延结果的功率谱作为待求位场功率谱的估计初值,采用带修正项的迭代维纳滤波方法来更新对待求位场功率谱的估计,最后提出本文的位场向下延拓改进迭代维纳滤波方法.基于理论重力模型数据及航磁实测数据进行了向下延拓对比试验,结果表明,改进迭代法具有较好的收敛性,且下延精度优于Tikhonov正则化法和递增型维纳滤波法.     

空间域和频率域导数计算误差分析

根据重、磁异常来计算其各阶导数,分别可以在空间域和频率域进行。为了选择更合适的导数算法,本文利用空间域的差商法、曲面拟合法和垂向二阶导数常用公式,以及频率域的FFT计算方法,在不同的情况下来研究对比这几种方法的精度。完成FORTRAN程序编制,并进行大量模型试算,总结各种算法优缺点和适用情况。     

位场垂向梯度最佳自比值的边界检测技术

位场梯度换算在地质体边界检测中有着重要的应用.但传统的梯度算法易受干扰影响,计算稳定性差,且很难在复杂的叠加异常中识别出小型地质体的边界.鉴于此,本文给出了自比值的定义,提出了能够处理高阶导数的位场垂向梯度最佳自比值的边界检测方法,阐述了方法的数学含义和物理意义.模型试验表明,垂向梯度最佳自比值算法不仅计算稳定性强,而且能清晰地检测出传统梯度算法无法检测的模型体边界.在地质条件复杂的鸭绿江盆地的重力异常实例应用中,垂向三阶导数最佳自比值计算结果识别出的构造边界与实际地质体分布有着较好的对应关系,这不但与前人的工作成果互为佐证,而且自比值圈定的负异常分布区能较好地反映出浑江煤田的工作范围.     

位场向下延拓三种迭代方法之比较

位场向下延拓在重磁资料解释和用于位场导航的基准数据库构建中发挥着重要作用.本文针对第一类Fredholm积分方程的三种空间域迭代解法:迭代Tikhonov正则化法、Landweber正则化迭代法和积分选代法,基于算子理论和不适定问题的正则化处理方法,首先利用傅里叶变换将空间域迭代法变换到波数域,然后由数学归纳法推导得到这三种迭代法对应的波数域位场向下延拓算子；由Landweber迭代法和积分迭代法在迭代形式上的相似性,探讨了它们在位场向下延拓中的异同及各自优势.模型对比分析表明:(1)两种迭代正则化方法在正则化参数选择合适的条件下,其向下延拓的效果要明显优于积分迭代法,且当收敛到相同误差水平时,迭代Tikhonov正则化法在迭代次数上要远远小于Landweber选代法,但迭代Tikhonov正则化方法存在对正则化参数敏感的问题；(2)从实际应用上讲,由于积分迭代法不存在正则化参数的选择问题,所以该迭代法具有较强的实用性,但需考虑其波数域向下延拓算子时噪声的放大效应.     

基于Hartley变换的剖面位场转换

从位场理论和Hartley变换出发,推导了Hartley变换空间中位场解析延拓及垂向n阶导数的频率响应,通过Hartley变换给出位场水平一阶导数与垂向一阶导数的希尔伯特变换关系,建立了以Hartley变换为基础可供延拓和求导的剖面位场转换系统.较传统的频率域位场转换而言,基于Hartley变换的剖面位场转换更为简洁,其正变换和逆变换的形式完全一致,不涉及复数运算,且占用更少的计算机内存具有更高效的计算效率.理论模型计算表明,基于Hartley变换的剖面位场转换是正确可靠的,具有较高的计算精度.     

位场数据归一化总水平导数垂向导数边缘识别方法(英文)

位场数据边缘识别技术常常用来识别地质体的边缘位置.本文提出了一种新的位场数据边缘识别方法--归一化总水平导数垂向导数,它具有边缘探测和边缘增强两种功能.该方法首先计算位场数据的总水平导数THDR和总水平导数THDR的n阶垂向导数VDRn,并对n阶垂向导数VDRn采用取大于0的阈值技术得到总水平导数峰值PTHDR,该值可以用来进行边缘探测;其次,计算总水平导数峰值PTHDR与总水平导数THDR的比,并用最大值进行归一化得到归一化总水平导数垂向导数,该值可以用来进行边缘增强;最后,通过理论模型和实际资料检验了方法的有效性和可靠性.     

位场向下延拓的波数域迭代法及其收敛性

提出了位场向下延拓的波数域迭代法. 对水平面上的位场观测值进行Fourier变换,得到其波谱. 根据第一类Fredholm积分方程的空间域迭代解法,推导出计算向下延拓水平面上位场波谱的波数域迭代公式. 在波数域中进行迭代,一直进行到相继两次迭代近似解的差值最大绝对值小于给定的精度,或迭代达到给定的最大迭代次数. 对这种迭代近似解进行Fourier逆变换,得到向下延拓的位场. 数值计算结果表明：与空间域迭代法比较,这种波数域迭代法简单、快速,并有同样好的向下延拓效果. 本文还证明了这种迭代法是收敛的,并给出了它的收敛特性和滤波特性.     

基于改进的接收点插值算法的频率域海洋可控源电磁法2.5维正演

在海洋可控源电磁法勘探中,接收站常置于海底.在进行海洋电磁场模拟时,由于海水和海底介质存在显著电性差异,这给海底接收点处场值的求取带来困难.本文提出一种新的接收点插值算法,该算法考虑到海底电场法向分量不连续性问题,用法向电流分量进行插值以准确求取海底任意接收点处电磁场值.本文利用交错网格有限差分法实现了二维介质中频率域海洋可控源法(CSEM)正演.对构造走向做傅里叶变换,将三维电磁模拟问题转换为波数域2.5维问题,即三维场源激励下针对二维地电模型的电磁模拟问题.使用交错网格有限差分法,基于一次场/二次场分离方法导出波数域二次电场离散形式,并进一步求得波数域电磁场.采用本文提出的改进的插值算法可求得海底任意接收点处波数域电磁场,采用傅里叶逆变换对波数域电磁场进行积分可得到接收点处空间域电磁场.模型算例表明,与常规的线性插值和严格插值算法相比,本文提出的改进的插值算法具有更高的精度.     

正则化等效层重力向下延拓方法

近年来,利用时移微重力技术进行储层开发监测受到国内外学者广泛关注.时移微重力观测数据存在信噪比低,信号弱的问题,难以实现储层内物质运移的定量解释.为压制数据噪声,增强有效弱信号,本文研究了利用Tikhonov正则化方法反演等效层（源）,并由等效源实现重力场向下延拓的方法;在此基础上,本文推导了波数域正则化等效源向下延拓算子.针对向下延拓场幅值衰减问题,提出了正则化等效源迭代补偿算法.通过模拟数据实验研究了不同深度正则化等效源滤波算子及向下延拓算子的波数响应;与波数域Tikhonov正则化向下延拓方法相比,正则化等效源向下延拓方法的延拓精度更高、更稳定.最后,将基于迭代补偿的正则化等效源向下延拓技术应用于实测时移微重力数据证实了该方法能够有效增强局部异常,实现时移微重力数据大深度稳定向下延拓.     

A generalized derivative operator for potential field data‡

The enhancement of potential field data using filters based on horizontal and vertical derivatives is common. As well as the direct use of the gradients themselves they are used in filters such as sunshading, total horizontal derivative, analytic signal, horizontal and vertical tilt angles, the Theta map and other filters. These techniques are high‐pass filters of different types and so enhance noise as well as detail in the data. A new derivative operator is introduced in this paper, which generalizes the effects of some of the previously mentioned filters. This filter is a linear combination of the horizontal and vertical field derivatives, normalized by the analytic signal amplitude. The filter is demonstrated on aeromagnetic and gravity data from South Africa.     

Regularized derivatives of potential fields and their role in semi-automated interpretation methods

Evaluation of higher derivatives (gradients) of potential fields plays an important role in geophysical interpretation (qualitative and/or quantitative), as has been demonstrated in many approaches and methods. On the other hand, numerical evaluation of higher derivatives is an unstable process – it has the tendency to enlarge the noise content in the original data (to degrade the signal-to-noise ratio). One way to stabilize higher derivative evaluation is the utilization of the Tikhonov regularization. In the submitted contribution we present the derivation of the regularized derivative filter in the Fourier domain as a minimization task by means of using the classical calculus of variations. A very important part of the presented approach is the selection of the optimum regularization parameter – we are using the analysis of the C-norm function (constructed from the difference between two adjacent solutions, obtained for different values of regularization parameter). We show the influence of regularized derivatives on the properties of the classical 3D Euler deconvolution algorithm and apply it to high-sensitivity magnetometry data obtained from an unexploded ordnance detection survey. The solution obtained with regularized derivatives gives better focused depth-estimates, which are closer to the real position of sources (verified by excavation of unexploded projectiles).     

1D SNMR吉洪诺夫正则化反演方法研究

地面核磁共振（SNMR）技术是目前世界上直接用来寻找地下水的技术。本文在讨论反演基本问题的基础上,用共轭梯度法实现了核磁共振的一维正则化反演。通过反演理论数据、噪声数据和实测数据,说明该方法的可靠性。     

低纬度磁异常化极方法应用效果对比

低纬度磁异常化极的方法很多,包括在空间域化极和在频率域化极,比较起来,频率域方法计算简单快速,目前化极主要在频率域进行.然而大部分低纬度化极方法只压制了噪声并没有针对化极因子做改动,也就没有真正达到压制南北向条带状拉长的目的.本文针对其中4种在频率域对化极因子做处理的方法(双曲正弦法,压制因子法,直接阻尼法,伪倾角法),设计模型进行对比,并用南海某地区的实测数据进行4种方法的化极效果对比,选出一种最符合南海地区实际情况的化极方法.并对原有的直接阻尼法和伪倾角法做了适当的改进.     

Noise transfer in variable‐depth streamer deghosting

Single‐component towed‐streamer marine data acquisition records the pressure variations of the upgoing compressional waves followed by the polarity‐reversed pressure variations of downgoing waves, creating sea‐surface ghost events in the data. The sea‐surface ghost for constant‐depth towed‐streamer marine data acquisition is usually characterised by a ghost operator acting on the upgoing waves, which can be formulated as a filtering process in the frequency–wavenumber domain. The deghosting operation, usually via the application of the inverse Wiener filter related to the ghost operator, acts on the signal as well as the noise. The noise power transfer into the deghosted data is proportional to the power spectrum of the inverse Wiener filter and is amplifying the noise strongly at the notch wavenumbers and frequencies of the ghost operator. For variable‐depth streamer acquisition, the sea‐surface ghost cannot be described any longer as a wavenumber–frequency operator but as a linear relationship between the wavenumber–frequency representation of the upgoing waves at the sea surface and the data in the space–frequency domain. In this article, we investigate how the application of the inverse process acts on noise. It turns out that the noise magnification is less severe with variable‐depth streamer data, as opposed to constant depth, and is inversely proportional to the local slant of the streamer. We support this statement via application of the deghosting process to real and numerical random noise. We also propose a more general concept of a wavenumber–frequency ghost power transfer function, applicable for variable‐depth streamer acquisition, and demonstrate that the inverse of the proposed variable‐depth ghost power transfer function can be used to approximately quantify the action of the variable‐depth streamer deghosting process on noise.     

Two dimensional combined inversion of short- and long-normal dc resistivity well log data

A method is presented for the two-dimensional combined inversion of short- and long-normal tool direct current resistivity data with symmetry. The forward problem is solved using the finite element method in the cylindrical coordinates system. The inverse problem is solved using a conjugate gradient technique with the partial derivatives obtained using reciprocity. The parameters were obtained by means of both conjugate gradient relaxation and conventional conjugate gradient method. The solution of this highly underdetermined inverse problem is stabilized using Tikhonov regularization and the scheme yields a blurred image of the subsurface. The scheme is tested using synthetic data and field data. Tests using synthetic data suggest that traces of the horizontal boundaries are delineated in the range of the exploration distance while the resolution of vertical boundaries depends upon the solution regularization. Application to field data shows that additional information is necessary for resolving the resistivity structure when there are low resistivity contrasts between formation units.     

Bayesian prestack seismic inversion with a self-adaptive Huber-Markov random-field edge protection scheme

Seismic inversion is a highly ill-posed problem, due to many factors such as the limited seismic frequency bandwidth and inappropriate forward modeling. To obtain a unique solution, some smoothing constraints, e.g., the Tikhonov regularization are usually applied. The Tikhonov method can maintain a global smooth solution, but cause a fuzzy structure edge. In this paper we use Huber-Markov random-field edge protection method in the procedure of inverting three parameters, P-velocity, S-velocity and density. The method can avoid blurring the structure edge and resist noise. For the parameter to be inverted, the Huber- Markov random-field constructs a neighborhood system, which further acts as the vertical and lateral constraints. We use a quadratic Huber edge penalty function within the layer to suppress noise and a linear one on the edges to avoid a fuzzy result. The effectiveness of our method is proved by inverting the synthetic data without and with noises. The relationship between the adopted constraints and the inversion results is analyzed as well.     

On inversion of the second- and third-order gravitational tensors by Stokes’ integral formula for a regional gravity recovery

A regional recovery of the Earth’s gravity field from satellite observables has become particularly important in various geoscience studies in order to better localize stochastic properties of observed data, while allowing the inversion of a large amount of data, collected with a high spatial resolution only over the area of interest. One way of doing this is to use observables, which have a more localized support. As acquired in recent studies related to a regional inversion of the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) data, the satellite gravity-gradient observables have a more localized support than the gravity observations. Following this principle, we compare here the performance of the second- and third-order derivatives of the gravitational potential in context of a regional gravity modeling, namely estimating the gravity anomalies. A functional relation between these two types of observables and the gravity anomalies is formulated by means of the extended Stokes’ integral formula (or more explicitly its second- and third-order derivatives) while the inverse solution is carried out by applying a least-squares technique and the ill-posed inverse problem is stabilized by applying Tikhonov’s regularization. Our results reveal that the third-order radial derivatives of the gravitational potential are the most suitable among investigated input data types for a regional gravity recovery, because these observables preserve more information on a higher-frequency part of the gravitational spectrum compared to the vertical gravitational gradients. We also demonstrate that the higher-order horizontal derivatives of the gravitational potential do not necessary improve the results. We explain this by the fact that most of the gravity signal is comprised in its radial component, while the horizontal components are considerably less sensitive to spatial variations of the gravity field.