Types, Petrophysical Properties and Pore Evolution of Late Ediacaran Microbial Carbonates, Tarim Basin, NW China

The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin are potential reservoir geobodies for future hydrocarbon exploration with rising interest in exploration for deeply-buried reserves. However, little knowledge has been acquired on the types of microbial carbonates that are present, the properties of the reservoir and the pore evolution, hampering predictions of high-quality reservoirs in these carbonates. Integrated with petrography and in-situ U-Pb dating geochronology analyses, this study aims to clarify the types of microbial carbonates present and to reconstruct the pore evolution processes of the potential reservoir rocks. The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin can be divided into four types, based on their features in terms of different scales (macro- to micro-): microbial laminite, stromatolite, spongiomicrobialite and microbial-peloidal wackestone/mudstone. Petrophysical properties show that all these microbial carbonates have low porosity and very low permeability with poor connectivity. These carbonates were subject to long-term and complex diagenetic processes, mainly consisting of dissolution, compaction, pervasive dolomitization, cementation and fracturing. The most important reservoir spaces are contributed by vugs and dissolution-enlarged pores, which are likely to have been associated with the widespread uplift of the Aksu area in the terminal Ediacaran. In contrast, the cementation of the fine-to-medium crystalline dolomite greatly reduced the pre-existing pores. Pore types are closely related to different microbial fabrics, which played an important role in the pore evolution of the microbial carbonates.     

Autochthonous Dolomitization and Dissolution in the Microbial Carbonate Rocks of the Fengjiawan Formation in the Ordos Basin

Many euhedral dolomite crystals and related pores are found in the microbial siliceous stromatolite dolomite and siliceous oolitic dolomite in the Fengjiawan Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the southern Ordos Basin. With the application of the microscope, scanning electron microscope, cathodoluminescence and in-situ trace element imaging, it can be seen that different from the phase I dolomite that was damaged by silicification, the intact euhedral phase II dolomite occurred through dolomitization after silicification, concentrated mainly in the organic-rich dark laminae of the stromatolite and the dark spheres and cores of the ooids. A considerable number of phase II dolomite crystals were dissolved, giving rise to mold pores and vugs which constituted the matrix pores and also the major pore space of the Fengjiawan Formation. The formation and dissolution of the dolomite were controlled by the microenvironment favorable, respectively, for carbonate precipitation and dissolution under the influence of microbial biological activities and related biochemical reactions. The driving force and material supply of dolomitization and dissolution were confined to the fabrics enriched with microorganisms, which are highly autochthonous. This mechanism may be a key factor for the development of Precambrian dolomite and related reservoirs, in the context of the domination of microbial rocks.     

吉南龙岗岩群四道砬子河岩组泥质片麻岩变质作用

吉南新太古代泥质片麻岩出露于龙岗岩群四道砬子河岩组中,本文通过系统的岩相学、矿物化学、激光拉曼和锆石U Pb同位素年代学等分析,研究其变质演化特点、变质作用时代及构造意义.结果表明:龙岗岩群四道砬子河岩组泥质片麻岩记录了３个变质演化阶段,其中峰前期进变质阶段(M１)的矿物组合为石榴石＋黑云母＋斜长石＋石英＋白云母;峰期变质阶段(M２)的矿物组合为石榴石＋矽线石＋钾长石＋黑云母＋斜长石＋石英,达到麻粒岩相;峰后期退变质阶段(M３)以矽线石转变为蓝晶石为特征标 志,矿物组合为蓝晶石＋石榴石＋黑云母＋斜长石＋石英＋白云母.变质矿物地质温压计限定其变质作用,峰前期(M１)T 为４６８~５１５ ℃,p 为(３．８~４．３)×１０５ kPa;峰期(M２)T 为７０３~７６０ ℃,p 为(６．６~７．１)×１０５kPa;峰后期(M３)T 为５５２~５９１℃,p 为(５．５~６．０)×１０５kPa;具有典型的近等压冷却型逆时针变质作用p T 演化轨迹特征,可能是在地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用的环境中变质作用与大量的幔源岩浆底侵作用有关.LA ICP MS锆石U Pb定年结果显示麻粒岩相变质作用时代为２４９５~２４４２Ma,属于新太古代变质热事件产物.     

方解石811N:一种可能的微区碳氧锶同位素分析标准

同位素标准物质是同位素分析的基准物质和数据比较的重要依据。方解石811作为碳酸盐碳氧同位素的实验室标准物质,具有良好的适用性,但由于制备时间久远,存量日益减少,且性状信息缺乏,影响了该标准在微区微量分析中的运用。本次研究选用未制备的811方解石(811N)作为研究对象,结合多种分析技术从不同尺度对其矿物组成、元素含量分布、碳氧同位素组成进行分析,揭示其相关信息及规律,并探讨了其Sr同位素组成,从而为下一步811N的制备和使用提供参考信息,有助于该样在不同碳酸盐分析和研究,特别是微区微量元素和同位素中的运用。实验结果表明,方解石811N较为纯净,主要为方解石,只含有微量的白云石、针铁矿、黏土矿物;除主要化学成分(CaCO₃)外,含有微量的Mg、Mn、Sr、Si、REE、U、Th等元素,Mg、Mn、Sr含量在整体分布上存在一定的变化,但在局部相对均匀。碳氧同位素组成整体差异程度相对较小,且其差异程度和元素均匀性呈对应关系,主要区域碳氧同位素组成均匀。Sr同位素组成在不同区域中无明显差异。本次研究认为811N是合适的碳酸盐碳氧同位素分析标准物质,该样制备后能够满足碳氧同位素分析和研究的需要,同时该样具备适用于微区微量C、O、Sr同位素分析和研究的潜力。     

川南地区二叠系沉积环境及其演化特征——以四川古蔺芭蕉村剖面为例

以四川古蔺芭蕉村二叠系剖面为研究对象,在野外沉积特征详细观测的基础上,利用岩石薄片鉴定、全岩X衍射分析、元素地球化学与碳、氧、锶同位素分析,对其地层、沉积环境与演化特征进行研究,为四川盆地二叠系沉积特征研究与天然气勘探提供基础资料。研究表明,四川古蔺芭蕉村地区从中二叠世的梁山—栖霞组沉积时期开始海侵,栖霞组由下向上水体先变深又变浅,呈缺氧—贫氧环境;茅口组底部又一次海侵,以继承栖霞组沉积环境为特征,在茅口组一段水体最深,向上逐渐变浅,呈缺氧—贫氧特征;龙潭组沉积水体最浅,氧化环境为主,局部呈还原环境;长兴组底部沉积水体最深,整体呈缺氧—贫氧特征,其碳酸盐岩沉积的海平面相对中二叠统应较浅。宏观上,四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组、茅口组由东向西为碳酸盐岩缓坡逐渐向台地演化。茅口组三段发育大型的溶蚀孔洞和后期溶蚀缝洞,推测该区茅口组有可能形成岩溶缝洞型储层。长兴组的底部发育水体较深的台盆次相沉积,环台洼或台盆可能是礁滩发育的有利区。见大量的沥青质充填,考虑到川南地区二叠系发育富有机质的碳酸盐岩与黑色页岩及煤层,认为该区二叠系具备形成古油藏的可能。     

东秦岭陕西聂家沟剖面二叠纪—三叠纪之交沉积特征及其古环境意义*

东秦岭陕西镇安聂家沟地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交发育一套海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后浅海碳酸盐岩台地相生物群落演替及环境变化等信息,是研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后生态环境变化与沉积响应的理想区域。通过碳酸盐岩微相分析方法,对陕西镇安聂家沟剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的碳酸盐岩生物组合和微相类型进行了详细分析,共识别出11个微相类型: 斑点状凝块石、叠层石灰岩、鲕粒—纹层状叠层石灰岩、有孔虫颗粒灰岩、藻—海百合泥粒灰岩、含有被包壳和被磨蚀骨屑颗粒的粒泥灰岩、鲕粒颗粒灰岩、集合颗粒灰岩、含鲕粒的粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥岩。根据碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积相标志,在二叠系—三叠系界限附近划分出台地边缘、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积相,其反映了二叠纪—三叠纪之交频繁的沉积相带变更的特点。该剖面碳酸盐岩微相反映的古生态和生物群落演替特征与中国华南同时期其他剖面具有较好的一致性,即二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件之后,早三叠世正常浅水碳酸盐岩台地生物类型和丰度极低,仅含有少量的双壳类、海百合等,灭绝事件界线附近以微生物碳酸盐岩等特殊微生物沉积构造占主导,之后微生物岩等消失,又出现了以双壳类为首的生物碎屑石灰岩。研究结果为了解二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件中生物和环境的协同演化提供了新的材料和认识。     

基于机器学习和测井数据的碳酸盐岩孔隙度与渗透率预测

准确预测碳酸盐岩储层孔隙度和渗透率对于碳酸盐岩油气藏储层评价具有重要意义。碳酸盐岩储层裂缝与溶孔广泛发育,基于经验公式从测井曲线预测储层孔隙度和渗透率具有较大误差。以中东某碳酸盐岩油藏为研究对象,选取914块取心井岩心,测定孔隙度与渗透率,利用随机森林（RF）、K-近邻（KNN）、支持向量机（SVM）和长短期记忆网络（LSTM）4种不同机器学习方法,通过测井数据进行孔隙度与渗透率预测,优化机器学习参数,筛选出适用于碳酸盐岩油藏的测井孔隙度与渗透率预测方法。研究结果表明：4种机器学习方法预测储层孔隙度结果差异不大,通过调整输入参数种类,可进一步提高孔隙度与渗透率预测效果,当以补偿中子（NPHI）、岩性密度（RHOB）和声波时差（DT）3种测井参数数据作为输入时,基于LSTM的储层孔隙度预测精度最高,孔隙度预测结果均方根误差（RMSE）为4.536 2;由于碳酸盐岩储层的强非均质性,基于机器学习的测井储层渗透率预测效果较差,相对而言,仅以NPHI作为机器学习输入参数时,基于RF的储层渗透率预测精度最高,渗透率预测结果的RMSE为45.882 3。     

基于测井参数宏观煤岩类型预测及三维地质建模

为实现定量判别宏观煤岩类型分布特征,依据煤层气参数井煤岩描述结果,利用不同宏观煤岩类型在测井响应特征的差异性,建立宏观煤岩类型指数(HMLZ)。通过该判别方法完成SZB区块30口井宏观煤岩类型定量识别及验证,进一步采用随机建模方法实现宏观煤岩类型空间分布特征的三维可视化。结果表明HMLZ>20.0为光亮煤;10.0相似文献   

改进的岩质凸块的超载储备极限平衡法

脱离模式是块体理论提出的有限可动块体的失稳模式之一。虽然直接塌落是地下工程中最常见的失稳现象,但是目前依然缺少适用的定量分析方法,这使得地下工程的开挖和加固设计缺乏必要的理论支撑。为此,提出了一种改进的考虑渐进破坏的岩块稳定分析方法。主要改进了3处：(1)引入超载基数和超载方向两个参数来量化描述储备荷载;(2)提出了Tan和Scal两种超载基数设定方式;(3)超载方向设定在节理锥的边界扇面上。算例验证结果表明,改进方法完全兼容现有双面滑模式的安全系数算法,实现了脱离模式的定量稳定性分析。最后,讨论了改进方法的刚度参数取值方法及其敏感性。