Understanding El Niño — The importance of Grey Literature in Coastal Ecosystem Research and Management

Access to information about past states of the environment and social systems is fundamental to understand, and cope with, the challenges of climate change and over-exploitation of natural resources at the onset of the 21st century. The loss of (old) data is a major threat to understanding better and mitigating long-term effects of human activities and anthropogenic changes to the environment. Although this is intuitively evident for old and local literature of any kind, even present-day international publishing of papers without the underlying raw data makes access to basic information a crucial issue. Here, we summarise experience resulting from a EU-funded International Science & Technology Cooperation (INCO) project (CENSOR) addressing Coastal Ecosystem Research and Management in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) context. We show that indeed “Grey Literature” is still one of the most important sources of knowledge about natural science research and management of natural resource systems in Latin American countries. We argue that public archiving of original data of present-day research and old (Grey) Literature and easy public access are important for appreciating today's global environmental challenges caused by human activities, both past and present.     

Fault Characteristics in Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt,Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,China

Through field geological survey,the authors found that abundant thrust faults developed in the Longmen (龙门) Mountain thrust belt.These faults can be divided into thrust faults and strike-slip faults according to their formation mechanisms and characteristics.Furthermore,these faults can be graded into primary fault,secondary fault,third-level fault,and fourth-level fault according to their scale and role in the tectonic evolution of Longmen Mountain thrust belt.Each thrust fault is composed of several secondary faults,such as Qingchuan (青川)-Maowen (茂汶) fault zone is composed of Qiaozhuang (乔庄) fault,Qingxi (青溪) fault,Maowen fault,Ganyanggou (赶羊沟) fault,etc..The Longmen Mountain thrust belt experienced early Indosinian movement,Anxian (安县) movement,Yanshan (燕山)movement,and Himalayan movement,and the faults formed gradually from north to south.     

断层垂向封闭性定量研究方法及其在准噶尔盆地白家海凸起东道海子断裂带应用

断层的垂向封闭能力主要取决于断面的紧闭程度和断裂带内填充物的岩性。在定量计算断面正压力和断层两侧地层泥地比的基础上,提出了断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)的概念,并将其定义为断面正压力与断层两侧地层泥地比的乘积。通过该参数可以定量评价断层的垂向封闭能力。以准噶尔盆地东道海子断裂为例,在建立断层垂向封油、气能力评价标准的基础上,应用断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)定量评价了该断裂带的成藏期垂向封闭性及现今垂向封闭性,分析了该断裂带对油气成藏的控制作用,得到较好效果。     

面积平衡法与川东大池干推覆带区域滑脱面预测

本文详细介绍了面积平衡法的原理与方法,并将该方法应用于川东大池干构造的解释。利用面积平衡法,本文预测出在该地区可能有三个较大的区域滑脱面,它们分别位于3.53km处的中三叠统(由石膏、盐岩和泥页岩组成),7.79km处的下寒武统(由页岩、石膏和岩盐层组成),以及8.67km处的下寒武统(由页岩、石膏和岩盐层组成)地层之中。根据以上滑脱面的分析结果,作者认为大池干构造可以解释为滑脱褶皱和断层转折褶皱两种成因模式。在滑脱褶皱模式中,主滑脱面为8.67km处的非能干层;在断层转折褶皱模式中,该地区被认为具有上下两个滑脱面,其上滑脱面为3.53km处的非能干层,而其下滑脱面为7.79km处的非能干层。两种模式所对应的面积深度直线都具有较好的相关性,表明两种构造解释都具有内部岩层一致性,剖面达到平衡,故具有相对的合理性。     

河南桐柏围山城层控金银成矿带同位素地球化学

河南省桐柏山区的围山城金银成矿带包括破山特大型银矿、银洞坡大型金矿、银洞岭大型银多金属矿床及一些矿点,赋矿地层是新元古界歪头山组,矿体产状与地层产状一致,形态呈似层状、鞍状或透镜状,层控特征显著。氢-氧-碳同位素地球化学研究指示早、中阶段的成矿流体主要为变质水,晚阶段有大量大气降水加入成矿流体系统。碳-硫-铅同位素指示成矿物质来自于歪头山组地层;钾-氩同位素表明成矿作用(100~140Ma)发生在秦岭陆陆碰撞造山的高峰期之后碰撞挤压向伸展转变的背景下。综合考虑矿带的成矿流体来源、成矿物质来源以及矿床地质特征,认为围山城成矿带属典型的层控造山型金银成矿系统,形成于中生代扬子与华北板块的陆陆碰撞造山体制。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘走滑断层特征及油气地质意义

准噶尔盆地西北缘前陆冲断带构造样式复杂多样,除规模较大的逆断层外,还发育一系列北西向的走滑断层。以高分辨率三维地震资料为基础,对断裂体系分析表明克拉玛依—百口泉地区的走滑断层可分为花状走滑断层和简单走滑断层两类,二者在成因、剖面特征等方面具有明显差别。研究结果认为走滑断层对油气的运聚成藏具有重要的双重控制作用,即能作为有效的运移通道,又能够起遮挡作用而形成圈闭。     

西藏冈底斯矿带成矿作用及远景分析

冈底斯带矿床众多,类型复杂,主要有斑岩型铜（金钼）矿床、矽卡岩型铁铜-铅-锌（银）矿床、层控铅-锌-银矿床、火山岩型金-银矿床及雄村式铜-金矿床。矿床地质特征和同位素年龄表明,冈底斯带南部的矿床与新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲-陆陆碰撞及碰撞期后的构造岩浆事件有关;冈底斯带北部的矿床与班公湖-怒江洋壳向南俯冲-陆陆碰撞及碰撞期后构造岩浆事件有关。冈底斯带与洋壳的俯冲-碰撞有关的岩浆活动强烈,成矿条件优越。西藏高原在碰撞后发生了快速抬升剥蚀,部分矿床顶部出现低温组合矿化,多数矿床保存良好。     

湘南新田岭白钨矿床He,Ar同位素特征及Rb-Sr测年

新田岭白钨矿床是湘南W-Sn多金属矿集区中的一个大型矽卡岩型矿床,产于骑田岭岩体北接触带.本文对矽卡岩矿石中1件黄铁矿样品进行了流体包裹体He、Ar同位素测定,获得3He/4He值为4.08 Ra,40Ar/36Ar为342,反映了在矽卡岩矿床的成矿流体中亦有地幔流体的显著参与;运用石英Rb-Sr法获得成矿等时线年龄为(157.4±3.2)Ma(2σ)(MSWD=1.6),87Sr/86Sr初始值为0.71044±0.00012,该年龄值与柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床及芙蓉大型锡矿等的成矿年龄在测试误差范围内基本一致,表明中侏罗世是湘南地区钨锡成矿的高峰期.     

REE Abundance and REE Minerals in Granitic Rocks in the Nanling Range,Jiangxi Province,Southern China,and Generation of the REE‐rich Weathered Crust Deposits

Studies of Mesozoic granites associated with rare earth element (REE)‐rich weathered crust deposits in southernmost Jiangxi Province indicate that they have high‐K to shoshonite compositions and belong to ilmenite‐series I‐type granites. Of the studied rocks at 59–292 ppm of bulk REE content, the highest are seen in the biotite granites of Dingnan (358, 429 ppm) and mafic biotite granite of the Wuliting Granite (344 ppm) near the Dajishan tungsten mine, both areas where weathered‐crust REE deposits occur. REE‐bearing accessory minerals in these granites are mainly zircon, apatite and allanite, and REE‐fluorocarbonates are common. REE enrichment occurs in the rims of apatite crystals, and in fluorocarbonates that occur along grain boundaries of and cracks in major silicate minerals, and in fluorocarbonates that replaced altered biotite. It is therefore thought that a major part of the REE content of these granites was concentrated during deuteric activity, rather than during magmatic crystallization. The crack‐filling REE‐fluorocarbonates could subsequently have been easily leached out and deposited in weathered crust developed during a long period of exposure.     

Geochemistry of the Mian-Lue ophiolites in the Qinling Mountains, central China: Constraints on the evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt and collision of the North and South China Cratons

The Anzishan ophiolite, a typical ophiolitic block of early Carboniferous age in the Mian-Lue suture zone of the Qinling Mountains, central China, consists of amphibolites/metabasalts, gabbros and gabbroic cumulates. All of these rocks, as well as those in the Hunshuiguan-Zhuangke (HZ) block, have compositions similar to normal MORB and back-arc basin basalts (BABB) with high ε_Nd(t) values, indicating that they were derived from a depleted mantle source. The Mian-Lue suture zone also contains blocks of other lithologies, e.g., rift volcanic rocks in the Heigouxia block and arc volcanic rocks in the Sanchazi block. Although they are in fault contact with each other, the presence of these different blocks in the Mian-Lue suture zone may represent a complete Wilson cycle, from initial rifting to open ocean basin to final subduction and continent-continent collision, during the late Paleozoic-early Triassic. In this region, the North and South China Cratons were separated by Paleo-Tethys at least until the early Carboniferous, and final amalgamation of both cratons along the Qinling orogenic belt took place in the Triassic.