江西大吉山钨矿成矿年代学研究

大吉山钨矿床是一个大型的石英脉型钨矿床。矿床在空间上与燕山早期复式花岗岩相伴。利用云母单矿物的K Ar同位素年龄测试方法,测定了矿床有关的花岗岩及矿脉的同位素年龄。结果表明,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母K Ar年龄为(160 3±3 03)Ma和(164 2±3 5)Ma,二云母花岗岩中白云母K Ar年龄为(160 6±2 8)Ma,含钨石英脉中白云母K Ar年龄为(152 6±2 35)Ma和(158 1±2 8)Ma。钨成矿与花岗岩的成岩基本不存在时差,推测含钨石英脉的形成可能与岩浆分异出的富含矿化剂和成矿元素的流体有关。     

广西中部大明山钨矿白云母40Ar/39Ar定年 及其地质意义

大明山钨矿床是一个与岩浆活动有关的多金属矿床。为确定钨矿床的成矿时代,对钨矿床中的白云母进行40Ar/39Ar快中子活化测年,获得白云母坪年龄为(97.10±0.86)Ma,相应的等时线年龄和反等时线年龄分别为(96.6±1.7)Ma和(96.5 ±1.1)Ma。结果表明,钨矿矿化年龄为97Ma,为燕山晚期本区成岩成矿活动的产物。该成果为进一步认识大明山钨矿的成因机制和成矿动力学背景提供了新的年代学证据。     

贵州晴隆锑矿床成矿流体He-Ar同位素地球化学

晴隆锑矿床是华南中生代低温成矿域右江盆地Au-Sb-As-Hg矿集区内的大型锑矿床,成矿时代约150Ma。本文以该矿床矿石矿物辉锑矿中的流体包裹体为测试对象,研究了成矿流体的He和Ar同位素地球化学。研究表明,成矿流体的~3He/~4He为0.13~0.46Ra(Ra为空气的3He/4He值,1.4×10~(-6)),~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为305~327,He、Ar同位素组成具有一定程度的正相关;成矿流体由两个端元组成:一是含地壳He的低温饱和空气的雨水,二是含地幔He的高温流体。含地幔He的高温流体可能来自右江盆地下部的侏罗纪壳幔混合成因花岗岩浆,这种岩浆的形成机制与华夏地块侏罗纪与钨锡成矿有关的花岗岩具有相似性。晴隆锑矿床以大气降水为主的成矿流体的加热、循环并浸取矿床围岩"大厂层"下伏地层中的成矿元素而成矿,受深部壳幔混合成因花岗岩浆释放出的含幔源He和岩浆S的热流所驱动。     

新疆准噶尔北缘索尔库都克铜钼矿氦-氩同位素组成及地质意义

索尔库都克铜钼矿床位于准噶尔北缘,矿体呈似层状、透镜状、脉状产于中泥盆世北塔山组安山岩和矽卡岩中。采用稀有气体同位素质谱法,对矿床中绿帘石矽卡岩、安山岩和矿石3种产状的黄铁矿中流体包裹体氦和氩同位素组成进行测试分析。测试结果显示,黄铁矿中流体包裹体的4He含量为(0.882 1~13.341 0)×10-8cm3STP/g,3He/4He为0.88~1.76 Ra(Ra为大气中的3He/4He,Ra=1.4×10-6),幔源He占13.27%~26.93%,表明成矿流体中氦主要来源于地壳。40Ar含量为(4.237 6~13.970)×10-8cm3STP/g,40Ar/36Ar为301.07~331.55,40Ar*含量占1.71%~10.87%,表明成矿流体中Ar主要来源于大气降水。3种产状的黄铁矿中氦、氩同位素组成及特点相似,结合矿床流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究,认为成矿流体来源于壳-幔相互作用的岩浆流体和大气降水,矿床的形成与安山岩和矽卡岩关系密切,暗示矿床成因为矽卡岩型。     

云南个旧卡房矽卡岩型铜(锡)矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

云南个旧超大型锡多金属矿田是一个驰名中外的超大型锡多金属矿田,卡房是该矿田的一个重要的铜(锡)矿床.本文利用Re-Os同住素定年方法对卡房矽卡岩型矿体中5件辉钼矿样品进行了成矿时代测定,获得辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄为82.95±1.16Ma～83.54±1.31Ma,等时线年龄为83.4±2.1 Ma.该年龄和老卡岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄85±0.85Ma相吻合,表明成岩和成矿关系密切.辉钼矿Re含量显示成矿过程有地壳和地幔的共同参与.该Re-Os定年结果显示个旧卡房矽卡岩型铜(锡)矿床与云南都龙锡锌矿床、云南白牛厂银多金属矿床、广西大厂锡多金属矿床以及广西王社铜钨矿床的成矿年龄接近,表明这些矿床的形成受控于相同的地球动力学背景,同为华南中生代晚期大规模成矿作用的产物.     

鄂东南地区大型矽卡岩型铁矿床金云母40Ar-39Ar同位素年龄及其构造背景初探

鄂东南地区铜铁多金属矿床是长江中下游地区金属成矿带的重要组成部分,但其精确的成矿时代和构造背景的研究显得较少.本文选择与磁铁矿密切共生的金云母为研究对象,利用40Ar-39Ar阶段加热同位素定年方法对该地区典型大型程潮和金山店矽卡岩铁矿床中金云母进行了成矿时代的研究,获得了金云母的40Ar-39Ar同位素坪年龄分别为132.6±1.4Ma和131.6±1.2Ma,对应等时线年龄为136±4Ma和132.0±2.8Ma.结合矿物共生组合特征和流体包裹体温度的分析,认为金云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄分别代表程潮和金山店矽卡型铁矿床的成矿时代,结果与大冶矽卡岩型铁矿床和鄂东南地区斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的成矿时代可以对比.在整合已有的岩石学、地球化学和地球物理学资料基础上,笔者认为鄂东南大型矽卡岩型铁矿床形成于区域岩石圈伸展和减薄构造环境.     

赣南淘锡坑钨矿床He-Ar同位素地球化学研究

华南石英脉型黑钨矿的形成一直被认为是与地壳沉积物质重熔形成的S型花岗岩有关。然而,近年来对南岭中生代成岩成矿机制的研究发现,地幔组分可能参与了钨、锡成矿作用。本文对淘锡坑石英脉型钨多金属矿床与黑钨矿共生的黄铁矿和毒砂中流体包裹体的He、Ar同位素进行了研究。结果显示,上述矿物中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He值为0. 37～2. 11Ra(Ra为空气的~3He/~4He值,1Ra=1. 39×10~(-6)),介于地幔与地壳的~3He/~4He值之间;~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar值为309. 5～383. 6,平均335. 4,略高于大气的~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar比值(295. 5)。研究表明,成矿流体具有壳-幔两端元混合的特征。其中,地壳端元的流体为经过地下循环的低温饱和大气水,地幔端元的流体为矿区隐伏花岗岩体成岩过程中分异出的岩浆流体。结合前人研究成果,认为该矿床的形成与华南中生代燕山期发生的软流圈上涌、岩石圈减薄、地壳伸展等地球动力学作用有密切联系。这种动力学过程为地幔组分带来的热引起地壳沉积物质重熔形成钨多金属成矿花岗岩浆提供了条件。     

川滇黔地区天宝山、会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体来源初探:来自流体包裹体及氦氩同位素的证据

为限定川滇黔地区大型铅锌矿床成矿流体来源,选择天宝山大型铅锌矿床和会泽超大型铅锌矿床中热液矿物进行流体包裹体及氦氩同位素研究.结果显示:（1）天宝山矿床为中低温、中等盐度流体成矿,成矿流体主要来源于盆地卤水;会泽矿床为中高温、中等盐度流体成矿,成矿流体也主要来源于盆地卤水,但具有不同性质流体混合特征;（2）两矿床硫化物3He/4He值范围介于0.02~0.32 Ra,证明成矿流体以地壳流体为主,但混有少量（< 5.3%）地幔成分,40Ar/36Ar值（345.0~1 698.8）表明成矿流体以饱和大气水为主;（3）综合两个矿床地质特征、流体包裹体及氦氩同位素研究认为天宝山矿床和会泽矿床的形成与右江盆地演化及峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆活动有关.      

中条山地区铜矿壳源流体成矿：来自铜矿峪、胡家峪流体包裹体氦、氩同位素的证据

山西中条山地区是我国重要的铜成矿带,发育铜矿峪斑岩型铜矿和“胡(家峪) 篦(子沟)”型铜矿。本文对铜矿峪铜矿的黄铁矿和黄铜矿、胡家峪铜矿的黄铁矿开展了流体包裹体中的He、Ar同位素组成研究。铜矿峪黄铁矿、黄铜矿流体包裹体中的 4 He含量为46. 23×10 -8 ~1195. 75×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g, 3 He/ 4 He比值为0. 01~0. 06Ra, 40 Ar含量为1. 69×10 -8 ~74. 11×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g; 40 Ar/ 36 Ar为407~2327. 8。胡家峪黄铁矿流体包裹体中 4 He含量为314. 06×10 -8 ~3815. 87×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g; 3 He/ 4 He为0. 003~0. 014Ra , 40 Ar含量为25. 62×10 -8 ~761. 51×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g; 40 Ar/ 36 Ar 值为936. 1~4108. 6。中条山地区铜矿床 3 He/ 4 He值明显指示壳源He特征,铜矿峪、胡家峪样品中幔源He的含量介于0~0. 56%之间,幔源He对成矿的贡献可忽略不计。在成矿流体的 40 Ar/ 36 Ar- 3 He/ 4 He和 40 Ar*/ 4 He 3 He/ 4 He关系图解中所有样品均投点于壳源流体区域,显示Ar为地壳来源。因此,中条山地区大规模成矿作用以壳源流体成矿为主,并未发现幔源流体参与成矿的踪迹。     

阳山金矿成矿流体的He-Ar同位素示踪

甘肃阳山金矿的成因类型及成矿流体来源多年来颇受关注,本文利用惰性气体同位素质谱仪测定了该矿床黄铁矿和石英样品中流体包裹体He、Ar同位素组成。结果显示,成矿流体的3 He/4 He值为0.03~0.08Ra,指示成矿流体来源于壳源,不含幔源He;40 Ar/36 Ar值为434.1~863.0,稍高于大气饱和水(295.5),流体中除地壳放射成因Ar外,还有大气Ar,表明大气降水曾参与成矿。结合矿床地质特征,认为阳山金矿成矿流体是以造山作用产生的变质水与经断裂下渗的大气饱和水为主,下渗的大气饱和水与高U、Th含量的花岗岩发生水-岩交换,导致了成矿流体中极低的40 Ar*/4 He(0.0227~0.0539)。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。