Review of Methodologies for Offshore Wind Resource Observation and Assessment

Observation and assessment of wind resources is a prerequisite for wind farm construction. Due to the investment cost of offshore wind farm is very expensive, more accurate assessment of wind resources is needed to reduce their investment risks. From traditional field observation to multi-platform remote sensing and from ordinary mathematical statistics to coupled numerical model simulation, abundant offshore wind data and evolving assessment methods make the results of offshore wind resource assessment more and more reliable. Poor station observations and rich remote sensing data are distinct characteristics of offshore wind data. Technology integration of applying multi-scale coupled models to assimilate multi-source remote sensing and station data is a mainstream development direction of offshore wind resource assessment methods. The wind resource assessment for offshore wind farm should focus on data quality and method selections of data interpolation, wind speed calculation of return period and wind energy parameters adjusted for a long term condition because these factors can significantly affect the operating efficiency of future wind farm.     

EH4物探找矿技术在非洲赞比亚的应用示范

非洲已成为我国企业海外铜矿资源开发的投资主要目的地之一,针对非洲赞比亚铜矿山的深边部地质找矿技术问题开展的EH4物探找矿技术试验性应用研究,具有重要的示范效应.使用EH4连续电导率剖面测量仪完成的物探剖面测量所获取的某铜矿西矿区14线和东南矿区59线物探电性断面图,较好地反映了加丹加沉积盆地基底构造层与盆地沉积构造层之间的角度不整合沉积接触界面的空间形态展布,而且在含铜页岩层底板与基底构造层顶板之间的石英岩层与高阻异常具有较好的对应关系.这些地球物理信息可为赞比亚沉积岩型铜矿床的深部找矿提供十分重要的间接找矿线索.     

Investigation of Hydroelastic Ship Responses of An ULOC in Head Seas

Investigation of hydroelastic ship responses has been brought to the attention of the scientific and engineering world for several decades. There are two kinds of high-frequency vibrations in general ship responses to a large ocean-going ship in its shipping line, so-called springing and whipping, which are important for the determination of design wave load and fatigue damage as well. Because of the huge scale of an ultra large ore carrier (ULOC), it will suffer seldom slamming events in the ocean. The resonance vibration with high frequency is springing, which is caused by continuous wave excitation. In this paper, the wave-induced vibrations of the ULOC are addressed by experimental and numerical methods according to 2D and 3D hydroelasticity theories and an elastic model under full-load and ballast conditions. The influence of loading conditions on high-frequency vibration is studied both by numerical and experimental results. Wave-induced vibrations are higher under ballast condition including the wave frequency part, the multiple frequencies part, the 2-node and the 3-node vertical bending parts of the hydroelastic responses. The predicted results from the 2D method have less accuracy than the 3D method especially under ballast condition because of the slender-body assumption in the former method. The applicability of the 2D method and the further development of nonlinear effects to 3D method in the prediction of hydroelastic responses of the ULOC are discussed.     

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Vertical-Axis Floating Tidal Current Energy Power Generation Device

To study the characteristics of attenuation, hydrostatic towage and wave response of the vertical-axis floating tidal current energy power generation device (VAFTCEPGD), a prototype is designed and experiment is carried out in the towing tank. Free decay is conducted to obtain attenuation characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD, and characteristics of mooring forces and motion response, floating condition, especially the lateral displacement of the VAFTCEPGD are obtained from the towing in still water. Tension response of the #1 mooring line and vibration characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD in regular waves as well as in level 4 irregular wave sea state with the current velocity of 0.6 m/s. The results can be reference for theoretical study and engineering applications related to VAFTCEPGD.     

A Simplified Numerical Approach for the Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Retrogressive Landslides

Retrogressive landslides are common geological phenomena in mountainous areas and on onshore and offshore slopes. The impact of retrogressive landslides is different from that of other landslide types due to the phenomenon of retrogression. The hazards caused by retrogressive landslides may be increased because retrogressive landslides usually affect housing, facilities, and infrastructure located far from the original slopes. Additionally, substantial geomorphic evidence shows that the abundant supply of loose sediment in the source area of a debris flow is usually provided by retrogressive landslides that are triggered by the undercutting of water. Moreover, according to historic case studies, some large landslides are the evolution result of retrogressive landslides. Hence the ability to understand and predict the evolution of retrogressive landslides is crucial for the purpose of hazard mitigation. This paper discusses the phenomenon of a retrogressive landslide by using a model experiment and suggests a reasonably simplified numerical approach for the prediction of rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides. The simplified numerical approach, which combines the finite element method for seepage analysis, the shear strength reduction finite element method, and the analysis criterion for the retrogression and accumulation effect, is presented and used to predict the characteristics of a retrogressive landslide. The results show that this numerical approach is capable of reasonably predicting the characteristics of retrogressive landslides under rainfall infiltration, particularly the magnitude of each landslide, the position of the slip surface, and the development processes of the retrogressive landslide. Therefore, this approach is expected to be a practical method for the mitigation of damage caused by rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides.     

激光云高仪试验数据对比分析

文章介绍了2014年6-10月在北京市观象台和长沙气象局开展的激光云高仪的对比观测试验和结果。参与此次为期3个多月试验的仪器来自4个厂家、共5种型号的15台仪器参加了对比试验,试验采用了HY-CL51型激光云高仪与CYY-2B型激光云高仪的测量结果作为标准云高,人工观测结果辅助判断,提出了云高标准值的确定方法和云高有效观测样本的选取方法,测试了不同型号激光云高仪的各项性能。结果表明:不同型号的激光云高仪均存在漏判和误判现象,雾、霾天气对仪器的漏判和误判会造成较大的影响,部分型号的仪器样本准确率整体较高,各项性能指标能够达到业务要求。     

Optimizing the spatial resolution of WorldView-2 imagery for discriminating forest vegetation at subspecies level in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

The objective of this study was to identify an appropriate spatial resolution for discriminating forest vegetation at subspecies level. WorldView-2 imagery was progressively resampled to coarser spatial resolutions. At a compartment level, 30 × 30-m subsets were generated across forest compartments to represent the five forest subspecies investigated in this study. From the centre of each subset, the spatial resolution of the original WorldView-2 image was resampled from 6 to 34-m, with increments of 4-m. The variance was then calculated at every resampled spatial resolution using each of the eight WorldView-2 bands. Based on the sampling theorem, the 3-m spatial resolution provided an appropriate resolution for all subspecies investigated. The WorldView-2 image was subsequently classified using the partial least squares linear discriminant analysis algorithm and the appropriate spatial resolution. An overall classification accuracy of 90% was established with an allocation disagreement of 9 and a quantity disagreement of 1.     

湘西桑页1井页岩弹性波速实验研究

随着页岩气勘探开发工作的不断深入,地震相关勘探技术在页岩气钻井部署和页岩气富集带或"甜点"区评价中发挥重要作用。不同应力环境下岩石的弹性波速及其各向异性实验数据是地震资料叠前反演的重要约束性基础资料,对深部页岩气地球物理探测、储层评价及甜点预测具有重要意义。本文以湘西桑页1井龙马溪组页岩、五峰组页岩及底板泥灰岩钻孔岩芯为研究对象,实验测量了不同应力条件下岩芯的弹性波速特征,计算了应力环境下的波速差异,并对比了页岩与泥灰岩的波速各向异性。结果表明,在5~100 MPa应力环境下,粉砂质、硅质和含粉砂页岩的纵波速度分别为4.8~5.1 km/s、5.1~5.3 km/s和5.2~5.5 km/s,泥灰岩的纵波速度在5.9~6.4 km/s之间;原位应力环境下,页岩与泥灰岩的纵波速度差异介于14.9%~21.7%之间;受微裂缝和层理面的影响,页岩垂直层理方向纵波速度明显低于平行层理方向,而泥灰岩的纵波速度为平行层理方向明显高于垂直层理方向。     

Agricultural adaptation to drought in the Sri Lankan dry zone

Droughts affect more people than any other natural disaster. Drought severity is not merely a function of precipitation; it emerges from a web of interrelations between human and natural systems. The impacts of drought are equally complex, shifting across temporal scales, economic sectors, and regions. Even in regions with similar hydroclimatic characteristics, there is tremendous variation in the effects of drought. This study combines satellite imagery, geospatial data, and qualitative data to identify the multi-scalar factors that drive variations in agricultural responses to drought. We analyzed eleven years of remotely sensed imagery to identify agricultural areas in which cultivation occurred during an extreme drought in Sri Lanka. We visited a subset of these communities and conducted interviews with officials and farmers to identify the factors that influenced agricultural adaptation. Results suggest that though structural factors such as infrastructural capacity and physical environment significantly affect agricultural adaptation, dynamic factors such as local control of water supply, perceived risk, community cohesion, and farmer experience explain significant variation in the adaptive capacity of agricultural systems.     

基于OLI遥感影像的错戳龙错盐湖水深反演研究

传统的水深测量方法是利用测量船上安装的测深设备和定位设备测出水域各点的水深。用遥感方法进行水深反演,基于OLI遥感影像对错戳龙错盐湖进行水深反演研究,确定OLI4波段是研究错戳龙错盐湖遥感水深反演的最佳波段,建立了此盐湖的水深遥感模型。经过对遥感数据和实测点数据的回归分析,建立了拟合方程。根据拟合方程对水深进行反演,反演结果与实测结果基本一致,从而证明了遥感测水深方法的快速有效性,弥补了传统实测水深方法的不足。