IPCC AR4中海气耦合模式对中国东部夏季降水及PDO、NAO年代际变化的模拟能力分析

利用1880—1999年中国东部35站的观测降水资料、英国Hadley中心的海温和海平面气压资料以及IPCC第4次评估报告（AR4）中20世纪气候模拟试验（20C3M）的模式输出结果,对IPCCAR4中22个耦合模式所模拟的我国东部夏季降水的年代际变化情况以及太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）和北大西洋涛动（NAO）的年代际变化情况进行了分析。结果显示,这些模式对20世纪我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的模拟结果并不理想,但对降水在20世纪70年代中期前后的突变具有一定的模拟能力。其中IAP_FGOALSL_0_G可以大致模拟出20世纪70年代中期前后降水型的突变特征,而BCCR_BCM2_0和UKMO_HadGEM1则可以模拟出华北地区降水在20世纪70年代中期之后减少的现象。对于引起我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的重要因子PDO和NAO,模式对它们年代际变化的模拟效果略好于降水。多数模式都可以模拟出PDO和NAO的空间模态,其中CNRM_CM3和UKMO_HadGEM1对PDO年代际变化（8 a以上）的模拟与实际情况比较相似,并可以模拟出20世纪70年代中期之后PDO由负位相转变为正位相的情况,而模式UKMO_HadGEM1也对NAO的年代际变化以及1980年以来不断加强的趋势模拟较好。     

Numerical Simulation of Regional Climate Change under IPCC A2 Scenario in China

Regional climate change in China under the IPCC A2 Scenario, was simulated for continuous 10-yr period by the MM5V3, using the output of an IPCC A2 run from CISRO Mark 3 climate system model as lateral and surface boundary conditions. The regional climate change of surface air temperature, precipitation, and circulation were analyzed. The results showed that （1） the distribution of mean circulation, surface air temperature, and precipitation was reproduced by the MM5V3. The regional climate model was capable to improve the regional climate simulation driven by GCM. （2） The climate change simulation under the IPCC A2 Scenario indicated that the surface air temperature in China would increase in the future, with a stronger trend in winter and the increasing magnitude from the south to the north. The precipitation distribution would appear a distinct change as well. Annual mean precipitation would remarkably increase in Northeast China, Yangtze and Huaihe River Valley, and the south area of the valley. Meanwhile, rainfall would show a decreasing trend in partial areas of North China, and many regions of Southwest and Northwest China.     

气候变化影响的最新认知

政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第二工作组于2007年4月6日正式发布了第四次评估报告,该报告客观、全面而审慎地评估了气候变化已有的和未来的可能影响。现有观测证据表明,人为增暖可能已对许多自然和生物系统产生了可辨别的影响,但由于适应以及非气候因子的作用,许多影响还难以辨别。21世纪中期,某些中纬度和热带干旱地区年平均河流径流量和可用水量会减少10%～30%;如果全球平均温度增幅超过1.5～2.5℃,目前所评估的20%～30%动植物物种可能面临灭绝的风险会增大;从全球角度看,局地平均温度增加1～3℃,预计粮食生产潜力会增加,但若超过这一范围,则会减少。兼顾适应和减缓的措施能够降低气候变化相关风险。     

基于IPCC预测结果的北太平洋海表面温度变化分析

利用IPCC-AR4气候模式诊断与比较计划(PCMDI)20C3M试验和A1B情景试验模拟数据,研究了在温室气体排放情景下,北太平洋海表面温度的变化及其对太平洋风应力旋度变化的响应。结果表明,温室气体中等排放A1B情景与20C3M情景相比,北太平洋年平均海表面温度表现为一致增温的趋势,且最大的增温中心位于黑潮及其延伸体区。与20C3M试验相比,CO2增加情景下北太平洋中部东风加强,增加向北的Ekman输送,使得北太平洋内区增温。风应力旋度零线也向北略有移动,导致黑潮延伸体向北移动并得到加强,从而引起延伸体区较强增温。风应力旋度零线的纬度附近产生的Rossby波,向西传播到黑潮延伸体区,进一步加强黑潮延伸体区的温度异常。海洋对北太平洋风应力场变化的局地响应及延迟响应,使黑潮延伸体海域海表面增温远大于周围海区。     

Who participates in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and why: A quantitative assessment of the national representation of authors in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of international representation in the activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change using expert authorship counts by country in each of the four IPCC assessment reports (1990, 1995, 2001 and 2007). Overall, we find that 45% of countries, all Non-Annex 1, have never had authors participate in the IPCC process; on the other hand, European and North American experts are make up more than 75% of all authors (N = 4394). Generalized linear models using negative binomial regression were used to quantitatively estimate the effect of a number of socio-economic, environmental and procedural factors influencing country-level participation in the IPCC. Per capita gross domestic product, population, English-speaking status, and levels of tertiary education were all found to be statistically significant drivers of authorship counts. In particular, participation by authors from English-speaking Non-Annex 1 countries is 2.5 times greater than those that are non-English speaking. Regionally small island nations of Oceania were the most severely under-represented group. South American and Asian countries had fewer authors, and African countries had more authors than what might be expected on the basis of demographic and socio-economic data. These differences across nations partly reflect existing scientific capacity that will be slow to change. However, the on-going under-representation of developing country scientists in the IPCC, particularly in the assessment of climate science (WGI) and climate mitigation (WGIII) warrants greater efforts to close the capacity gap.     

IPCC AR4气候情景下长江流域径流预测

通过评估IPCC第四次评估公开发布的22个全球气候模式对长江流域降水和气温的模拟性能,选取了BC-CR-BCM2.0等7个气候模式,利用这些GCM s在A1B、A2和B1三种典型排放情景下的未来气温和降水预测结果,结合BP神经网络模型,在对模型验证效果良好的基础上,预测未来气候变化下长江流域径流变化趋势.结果表明,长江流域未来年平均径流量呈减少趋势,宜昌水文站以枯水年减少为主,未来年平均流量比历史年平均流量减少了520 m3/s;大通水文站则以平水年减少为主,比历史年平均流量减少了250 m3/s,水量的减少对南水北调东中线的调水规模和调配、管理提出了较大的挑战.长江流域多年平均月流量增加将主要发生在1~6月,而7~12月将以减少趋势为主.宜昌站和大通站的1~6月份平均增加幅度分别为29.6%和13.8%,7~12月份的平均减少幅度分别为-18.2%和-11.0%,宜昌站的变幅要高于大通站.宜昌站汛期呈减少趋势,平均为-8.5%,非汛期略有增加.大通站变化趋势与宜昌站相反,汛期呈增加趋势,平均为2.3%,非汛期略有减少.     

气候变化下淮河流域极端洪水情景预估

利用IPCC第4次评估公开发布的22个全球气候模式在A1B、A2和B1三种典型排放情景下的未来气温和降水预测结果,结合新安江月分布式水文模型,在对模型验证效果良好的基础上,参照集合预报方法,对未来90年(2010～2099年)气候变化下淮河流域的极端洪水进行预估。研究结果表明,从出现概率来看,淮河流域未来可能发生极端洪水年份的密集程度从大到小依次为A2情景、A1B情景、B1情景。A1B情景下,21世纪下半叶出现极端洪水的可能性增大,A2情景在2035～2065年以及2085年以后是极端洪水发生较为集中的时期。B1情景在21世纪70年代左右发生极端洪水的可能性较大。综合各种极端事件的定义方法,将极端洪水划定3个洪水量级。A2情景预估极端洪水的平均洪量在3种情景中最大,B1情景最小。3种情景未来一级极端洪水发生比例都比历史上偏大,A2情景下增加最多。二级极端洪水都较历史略有减少,三级极端洪水减少最显著。3种情景下各个量级极端洪水所占比例各不相同,A1B和A2情景二级以上极端洪水出现比例较大,B1情景下极端洪水量级多为三级,超1954年的一级极端洪水所占比例较小。     

Diurnal cycles of precipitation over subtropical China in IPCC AR5 AMIP simulations

Atmospheric Intercomparison Project simulations of the summertime diurnal cycle of precipitation and low-level winds over subtropical China by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report models were evaluated. By analyzing the diurnal variation of convective and stratiform components, results confirmed that major biases in rainfall diurnal cycles over subtropical China are due to convection parameterization and further pointed to the diurnal variation of convective rainfall being closely related to the closure of the convective scheme. All models captured the early-morning peak of total rainfall over the East China Sea, but most models had problems in simulating diurnal rainfall variations over land areas of subtropical China. When total rainfall was divided into stratiform and convective rainfall, all models successfully simulated the diurnal variation of stratiform rainfall with a maximum in the early morning. The models, overestimating noon-time （nocturnal） total rainfall over land, generally simulated too much convective rainfall, which peaked close to noon （midnight）, sharing some similarities in the closures of their deep convection schemes. The better performance of the Meteorological Research Institute atmospherer. ocean coupled global climate model version 3 （MRI-CGCM3） is attributed to the well captured ratio of the two kinds of rainfall, but not diurnal variations of the two components. Therefore, a proper ratio of convective and stratiform rainfall to total rainfall is also important to improve simulated diurnal rainfall variation.     

全球及中国区域气候变化预估研究主要进展简述

自IPCC评估报告发表以来,气候模式对未来气候变化的预估成为人们重视的问题。因此,本文回顾了IPCC前4次报告对全球未来气候变化预估的主要结论,并对全球及区域气候模式对中国地区的模拟和预估结果进行了分类总结,得出区域气候模式由于分辨率更高、对特殊地形的模拟能力更强,因此比全球气候模式的模拟和预估结果更准确;同时讨论了目前存在的问题及今后研究的方向。     

IPCC AR6报告解读：地下水

地下水已成为满足全球农业生产和生活用水需求的重要来源,也是实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程的关键资源。地下水的数量和质量会直接或间接地受到气候变化的影响。IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第二工作组报告对全球和区域历史时期及未来地下水变化趋势进行了评估。报告指出：(1)自21世纪初以来,由于地下水灌溉用水量增加,全球许多国家和地区地下水储量呈现下降趋势。(2)在气候变化背景下,地下水开采量将持续增加,包括全球主要含水层中不可再生的地下水。(3)在热带和半干旱地区,气候变化引起强降水发生频率加快,导致地下水补给量呈增加趋势;在高寒地区,受气候变化影响地下水主要补给期从春季向冬季演变,由于融雪周期和融雪量的减少造成高寒地区春季地下水补给量减少。在地下水退化区域开展渐进式生态修复,是应对气候变化和保障水安全的重要措施。