试论动物非矿化组织的保存

动物非矿物化组织在特异埋葬条件下可保存为化石。缺氧和快速埋葬有利于非矿化组织的保存，但不能阻止微生物的破坏作用。无菌环境下可保存软躯体组织，但在构造变动和古气候变迁等因素的影响下会彻底破坏，不可能在地质历史时期长期存在。最稳定的保存形式是与成岩作用有关的保存类型和以碳化有机质薄膜形式的保存类型。与动物非矿化组织保存有关的常见成岩自生矿物有磷酸盐矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黄铁矿等。其中，磷酸盐矿物在成岩作用过程中结晶最早，可以保存动物的微细构造。这些矿物可以矿化交代动物的肉质和角质使其成为矿化实体；也可以呈假形、铸型或铸模等形式保存。布尔吉斯页岩保存类型中，非矿化组织以碳化有机质薄膜或含水的颧硅酸盐矿物两种形式保存。前可能与粘土矿物吸附有机质、阻止酶的降解作用有关，后可能由自生粘土矿物的交代作用造成。     

矿物和玻璃中NaK—边的同步辐射XANES研究

本文利用同步辐射的NaK-边X射线近边结构谱（XANES）研究了含Na矿物NaK-边的特征谱，其谱的能量位置随着配位数垢增加而增大，同时建立了含磷（P）的钠玻璃中NaK-边的能量，随着P的含量增加而增大，由此表明本方法可以作为研究含Na矿物和Na玻璃的配位与局部结构的新方法。     

有机酸与矿物间界面作用研究评述

介绍了近年来有机酸与矿物之间相互作用的研究进展，重点探讨有机还可能与矿物间相互作用的环境意义、作用模式以及低分子量有机酸和高分子量腐殖酸在与矿物作用时各自的特点和彼此间的差异。有机酸-矿物界面作用控制着金属、有机污染物的迁移、转化与归宿以及生物可给性。有机酸-矿物界面作用存在多种模式，主要受有机酸和矿物的活性基团类型、含量分布以及有机酸分子量大小和疏水性等因素的影响。     

镇旬铅锌矿田矿物包裹体研究

镇旬铅锌矿田矿物包裹体研究表明，本区铅锌矿床最初形成于中一体温、弱－中等还原环境，成矿介质属低盐度，酸性条件下的Cl^--SO4^2--F^-/K^ -Na^ -Ca^2 (Mg^2 )热卤水流体，成因以沉积为主；经多期改造后的矿床出现中偏高温的成矿，加之沉积围岩的盐类组分不断及时地加入到成矿热液中，致使原喷流热流体类型逐渐演变为CI^---F^-(SO4^2-)/Na^ (K^ )-Mg^2 (Ca^2 )型。     

木兰山蓝片岩中两种文石的产出特征及其动力学意义

微米－纳米尺度显微超显微研究表明，木兰山蓝片岩中存在微米级粒间文石和亚微米级文石包裹体，它们是木兰山蓝片岩快速折返动力学机制的证据。并指出木兰山蓝片岩区硬柱石和绿纤石等Ca-Al硅酸盐矿物的缺失与本区变质流体中CO2浓度较高和（或）岩石中含方解石／文石有关。     

构造变形/变质作用的精细测年及其在造山带研究中的应用

最近几年 ,增生造山过程中构造变形 /变质作用及其精细年代学研究正成为造山带研究的热点之一。造山带内部大型剪切带的运动、变形 /变质事件的精细定年对深入研究增生造山过程具有重要意义。通过把精确的测年数据与约束运动学的、变形 /变质的显微组构结合起来 ,可以比较精细地重建或复原造山带内部不同构造块体增生拼贴的精细时空过程 ,以及建立与之相一致的造山带形成的应变热模式。同时 ,近 3～ 4年的研究结果也表明 ,构造变形 /变质精确定年还存在许多难点 ,如变形矿物形成机制对其测年结果的影响、变形矿物粒度大小对定年结果的制约关系、以及构造变形 /变质过程中矿物同位素体系的变化机理对测年理论与技术质疑等。文中详细介绍了国外目前有关增生造山作用研究的一个热点———构造变形 /变质精细年代学研究的现状和意义、存在的问题和难点 ,以及新技术方法及其可行性和应用等 ,目的在于提请国内同行在进行相关研究时对此能予以重视。     

塔里木南缘浅变质岩系变质矿物特征及变质条件

在塔里木盆地南缘和田地区的阿其克、皮牙曼、杜瓦、康开依、桑株水库一带断续出露一套浅变质岩地层,主要岩石类型有变质杂砂岩、变质钙质砂岩、细粒片岩及少量千枚岩、变质砾岩、大理岩等.岩石中主要变质矿物为绿泥石、白云母、石英、方解石和少量黑云母、钠长石.本文着重就岩石中片状变质矿物绿泥石、白云母、黑云母的发育特点、化学成分特征、变质矿物组合以及它们的晶体化学成分所反映的变质温、压条件进行了研究,并在此基础上推断出该套变质岩属于由区域低温动力变质作用引起的低绿片岩相变质产物.     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.     

Cretaceous flysch and pelagic sequences of the Eastern Alps: correlations, heavy minerals, and palaeogeographic implications

Flysch and pelagic sedimentation of the Penninic and Austroalpine tectonic units of the Eastern Alps are results of the closure of the Tethyan-Vardar and the Ligurian-Piemontais Oceans as well as of the progressive deformation of the Austroalpine continental margin. The Austroalpine sequences are characterized by Lower Cretaceous pelagic limestones or minor carbonate flysch and various siliciclastic mid- and Upper Cretaceous flysch formations. Chrome spinel is the most characteristic heavy mineral delivered by the southern Vardar suture, the northern obduction belt at the South Penninic-Austroalpine margin and its continuation into the Klippen belt sensu lato of the Carpathians. The South Penninic sequences, e.g. the Arosa zone, the Ybbsitz Klippen zone and some flysch nappes also contain chrome spinel, whereas the sediments of the North Penninic Rhenodanubian flysch zone are characterized by stable minerals and garnet.     

Global and regional N2O measurements

Real-time N₂O measurements have been madein situ at the South Pole, Antarctica, north and south of the equator from on board the Alpha Helix and over the Pacific Ocean on several aircraft flights from the U.S. to New Zealand, Australia and 90°S. In addition, an automated EC-GC has been operated for the past year intermittently monitoring N₂O in surface air at a rural site in the wheatlands of eastern Washington state. The data obtained are consistent and in agreement with the data obtained from the analyses of a large number of samples collected both from ground stations and a variety of aircraft flights made in the southern and northern hemisphere. The observed global data show no interhemispheric differences. The present concentration of N₂O in the troposphere is measured to be 330±3 ppbv. Its vertical distribution in the troposphere is very uniform. A small decrease (2–3 percent) across the tropopause is characteristically observed in the high altitude Learjet flights.