高频红外碳硫仪测定重晶石和黄铁矿中的硫

硫酸盐矿石和硫化物矿石大部分是低电磁性的物质,利用高频红外碳硫仪测定这类矿石中的硫时,在燃烧过程中难以产生较大的电磁感应涡流,导致矿石中的硫释放不完全,造成硫的测定结果偏低。本文采用二氧化硅将重晶石精矿和黄铁矿精矿稀释成不同硫含量的重晶石和黄铁矿样品,通过优化称样量及助熔剂等测试条件,建立了使用高频红外碳硫仪测定重晶石和黄铁矿中硫含量的分析方法。结果表明:当样品中的硫含量高于2%时确定称样量为0.07 g,当硫含量低于2%时确定称样量为0.1 g,加入助熔剂0.4 g锡粒+0.4 g铁粒+1.5 g钨粒,可使重晶石和黄铁矿中的硫完全释放进入仪器红外吸收区域,硫的回收率提高至95.8%~104.2%(重晶石)和95.3%~105.1%(黄铁矿),分别高于常规红外碳硫仪的回收率(83.39%~91.1%和91.5~97.5%)。本方法精密度高(RSD5%),实现了硫含量的准确测定。     

过氧化钠碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定多金属矿中的锡钨钛等主次量成分

准确、快速测定多金属矿中的主次量成分,对矿产资源的综合利用具有十分重要的意义,但针对锡、钨、钛三种元素等难以被酸溶解的元素,选择适宜的样品前处理方法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)技术结合起来,有利于提高准确度和测试效率。本文以过氧化钠为熔剂,样品经高温熔融,盐酸+酒石酸+过氧化氢混合酸提取,结合内标法建立了测定多金属矿中铜铅锌以及锡钨钛等15个主次量成分的分析方法。实验优化了各元素的分析谱线和背景校正模式,系统研究了坩埚、熔剂的选择、铝元素和内标元素的影响,获得方法检出限为7~995μg/g,加标回收率为90.3%~105.0%,精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.8%~6.6%。本方法针对5种不同类型的典型多金属矿,具有不分矿种、前处理步骤相同、多成分同时测定和测试范围宽(40μg/g~25%)的技术特点,尤其对于矿种类型不确定、测定范围在百分含量以上的多金属矿具有优势。     

A comparison analysis of chemical composition of aerosols in the dust and non-dust periods in Beijing

Dust events occurred frequently in Beijing in recent years. In this work, 120 aerosol samples werecollected in two typical dust events (21-22 March and 15 May) and a non-dust period in Beijing fromMarch to May 2001. Samples were analyzed for major elemental components by the Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) method. Results show that the enrichment factors of crustal elements such as Mg,A1, and Ti had little differences between the dust period and the non-dust period in Beijing, while theenrichment factors of other elements that have a relation to anthropogenic emissions were very low duringthe dust period. The results derived by using multivariate factor analysis from the observation data showthat the sources such as soil dust, industry, and fuel combustion were among the major contributors tothe particles in Beijing.     

Simulation of Air Quality using an ISCST3 Dispersion Model

Urban air quality is an issue of major concern across many cities in India. In particular, high levels of particulate matter (both SPM and RSPM) are responsible for noncompliance to air quality standards. Air quality modeling is an effective tool to simulate the air quality of a region and to predict air quality concentrations under different scenarios. Kanpur city which is a top‐ten urban conglomerate in India (based on population) is chosen for the application of the ISCST3 model and simulation of air quality. Sectored emission loads are estimated for transport, industrial, power, and domestic sectors, which provide an estimate of the major contributors to air pollution with specific reference to particulate matter, which is a major pollutant of concern. A detailed scenario analysis is carried out to estimate the changes in emissions that would take place due to various interventions. Dispersion modeling is carried out using the ISCST3 model, to estimate the concentrations of SPM all over the city under different scenarios. Emission inventory and meteorological data served as input to the model, and the air quality is predicted for various seasons and intervention scenarios. The modeled values for the scenario without intervention results in an underestimation of 48%, which is due to unaccountable or unidentified sources, trans‐boundary movement of SPM, and model calibration errors. To overcome the error, the model is calibrated with the observed values and results are obtained for other scenarios using the calibration factor. The paper demonstrates only the research direction currently used to simulate air quality in Indian cities. However, further refinement and research is required before it could be used for more accurate predictions.     

Modeling N2O Emissions from Agricultural Fields in Southeast China

DNDC, a rainfall-driven and process-oriented model of soil carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry, is applied to simulate the nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural ecosystem in Southeast China. We simulated the soil N₂O emission during a whole rice-wheat rotation cycle (from Nov. 1, 1996 to Oct. 31, 1997) under three different conditions, which are A) no fertilizer, B) both chemical fertilizer and manure and, C) chemical fertilizer only. The processes of N₂O emission were discussed in detail by comparing the model outputs with the results from field measurement. The comparison shows that the model is good at simulating most of the N₂O emission pulses and trends. Although the simulated N₂O emission fluxes are generally less than the measured ones, the model outputs during the dryland period, especially during the wheat reviving and maturing stages in spring, are much better than those during the paddy field period. Some sensitive experiments were made by simulating the N₂O emissions in spring, when there is a smallest gap between the simulated fluxes and the measured ones. Meanwhile, the effects of some important regulating factors, such as the rainfall, N deposition by rainfall, temperature, tillage, nitrogen fertilizer and manure application on N₂O emission during this period were analyzed. From the analysis, we draw a conclusion that soil moisture and fertilization are the most important regulating factors while the N₂O emission is sensitive to some other factors, such as temperature, manure, tillage and the wet deposition of atmospheric nitrate.     

基于各国NDC/INDC目标的全球减排不确定性研究

基于各国提交的165份国家自主贡献文件,以其中提出的减排目标为基准,尽可能充分地考虑了减排目标的范围不确定性、不同经济情景带来的碳强度减排目标不确定性、减排气体种类边界差异、碳排放达峰约束等因素,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟的方法对全球、各区域和主要经济体的温室气体排放总量、不确定度及其来源进行了定量分析。结果表明,到2030年全球温室气体排放总量将达到62.69 Gt CO₂当量,其90%信度的置信区间为53.17~74.26 Gt CO₂当量;由于未来经济总量预期不确定对排放量的影响最显著,因此,不同地区之间不确定性来源差异较大。同时,基于到2050年排放总量比2010年下降40%~70%的2℃目标排放情景,2030—2050年全球温室气体排放年均需要下降5.0% %。为了尽可能减小全球温室气体排放预期目标的不确定性和继续实现2℃目标,各国在进行自主贡献文件更新时进一步提出统计边界更为明确和统一且更有雄心的减排目标将是第一次全球盘点继续解决的重点问题。     

碳中和愿景下的污水处理厂温室气体排放情景模拟研究

污水处理厂运行过程中大量释放甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O),是重要的人为温室气体排放源。基于2005—2015年统计资料和IPCC核算方法,估算了2005—2015年中国生活污水处理厂CH₄和N₂O排放,分析了其排放特征和影响因素;依据碳中和愿景设定3种减排情景（低减排、中减排和高减排),并预估了2020—2050年排放趋势和时空变化。结果表明：2005—2015年间污水处理厂温室气体排放量呈稳定增长趋势,CH₄从1135.37万t CO₂e上升至1501.45万t CO₂e,N₂O从2651.08万t CO₂e上升为2787.05万t CO₂e,年均增速分别为2.8%和0.5%。3种减排情景下,2020—2050年CH₄和N₂O排放量时间上呈先增后减趋势,低减排情景下CH₄和N₂O排放量分别于2036年和2025年达到峰值,分别为2431万和2819万t CO₂e;中减排情景和高减排情景下CH₄峰值点分别出现在2027和2025年,而N₂O排放峰值均出现在2025年。2050年中减排和高减排情景下CH₄排放量相较于低减排情景减排率约为47%和94%;2050年低减排、中减排和高减排情景下N₂O排放量相较于2015年分别减排了12%、53%和95%。CH₄和N₂O排放量在空间上差异显著,华东地区排放量高,西北地区排放量低,东南区域所在省份排放量整体高于西北区域省份。影响因素中的经济发展程度与温室气体排放量密切相关。     

Spatiotemporal Distributions of δD in Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on TES Data During 2004-2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD16O (or 1H2H16O, or HDO) and H218O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation during transport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation and understanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of iso- tope HDO (i.e., δD), in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δDv, and the relationship of δDv with atmospheric humidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H2O data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. The results indicate that δDv has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence with atmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δDv decreases logarithmically with atmospheric pressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Sea- sonal changes of δDv exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δDv in the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occur from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δDv and temperature has a similar distribution pattern to the correlation between δDv and precipitable water in the troposphere. The stable isotope HDO in water vapor (δDv), compared with that in precipitation (δDp), is of some differences in spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, in- dicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types of stable isotopes are different.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定黑钨矿精矿和中矿中的锰

样品采用过氧化钠熔融,酒石酸络合提取,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定黑钨精矿和中矿中的锰含量,碱熔络合体系避免了酸处理样品时大量钨酸沉淀的生成,解决了钨酸沉淀导致的溶矿不完全和夹杂、吸附待测元素的问题。在优化的工作条件下,方法检出限为0.019μg/mL,精密度(RSD,n=11)为0.92%～1.50%,并且具有较高的回收率(97.5%～104.0%),单次测定结果与协同定值结果的偏差小于国家标准GB/T 6150.14—2008硫酸亚铁铵法实验室间允许差。方法简便快速,无明显基体干扰,满足了国家标准黑钨精矿中锰的检测要求,可用于高、中品位钨矿石样品中低含量锰的准确测定。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定磷矿石中常量元素硅磷硫钙镁铝铁钛锰

以粒状氢氧化钠作熔剂,样品在银坩锅中700℃熔融,热水浸取后用盐酸酸化,溶液冷却定容后直接用电感耦合等离子体发射法测定磷矿石中硅、磷、硫、钙、镁、铝、铁、钛、锰9种常量元素,采用基体匹配和离峰扣背景等方式有效消除了测定的干扰。对样品分解条件、试剂用量、元素分析谱线的选择、干扰的影响及消除等进行了优化处理和讨论。方法精密度(RSD)为0.28%～1.85%(n=12),回收率为97.92%～107.1%,具有快捷、成本低等特点。经国家一级标准物质分析验证,结果满意,适用于磷矿石中常量元素的快速分析。