华南沿海暖区辐合线暴雨地形动力机制数值模拟研究

华南沿海暖区暴雨是单一暖气团降水。本文采用客观分析方法确定暖区暴雨主要影响系统为两类辐合线低值系统:偏南向辐合线与西南向辐合线;此类辐合线系统具有强烈的辐合上升层次与暖心结构,是一类强烈的暖区暴雨天气系统。偏南向辐合线多出现在粤西沿海,而西南向辐合线多出现于粤东沿岸,分别具有短时团状与持续带状两类强降水。华南沿海地区山脉河口众多,其中珠江口以西的团状云雾山正面阻挡偏南向辐合线,河口以东的带状莲花山侧面阻挡西南向辐合线。利用WRF数值模式分别研究粤东和粤西山脉对两类辐合线及其暴雨的地形影响,包括正面阻挡和侧面摩擦。结果显示,将偏南向型辐合线所遇云雾山范围地形降低80%后,因正面阻挡缺失,辐合线及其降水向北推进,雨带强度减弱,形状改变。地形的正面阻挡促使低层辐合气流迅速抬升触发强降水。降水释放的凝结潜热,又加强系统的上升运动和暖心结构强度与层厚,进而增强暴雨。填充偏南向型狭管地形的试验显示,狭管效应构成对强降水位置和强度的直接强迫影响,加之与云雾山正面阻挡配合,两项作用造成粤西暴雨频繁特征。测试粤东西南向莲花山脉对西南向辐合线的侧向阻挡与摩擦效应,通过对比莲花山两种地表粗糙度环境模拟效果,获得显著的局地垂直上升速度差,显示粤东沿海山脉的侧向摩擦不仅增强西南辐合线强度也加强垂直上升运动强度,由于西南气流的持续,山脉走向与气流的配置,维持了降雨时长及雨带范围。同时对粤西近海西南辐合气流及河口的暴雨雨带也有连带增强与维持作用。进一步地山脉地形抬升以其抬升迅速,范围集中,层次深厚,而有别于锋面气团抬升。加之近海水汽充沛,抬升后中层凝结释放的配合,增强了辐合线低值系统强度,造成暖区降水雨强远高于华南锋面降水。     

An event-driven dynamic updating method for 3D geo-databases

Abstract

With the rapid development of 3D Digital City, the focus of research has shifted from 3D city modeling and geo-database construction to 3D geo-database service and maintenance. The frequent modifications on geometry, texture, attribute, and topology present a great challenge to the 3D geo-database updating. This article proposes an event-driven spatiotemporal database model (ESDM) that combines the historical and present 3D city models with the semantic classification and state expression, triggered by changing events predefined. In addition, a corresponding dynamic updating method based on adaptive matching algorithm is presented to perform the dynamic updating operation for the complex 3D city models automatically, according to the compound matching of semantics, attributes, and spatial locations. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed ESDM and its updating method are demonstrated through a 3D geo-database with more than 1.5 million 3D city models.     

Performance of an example jack-up platform under directional random ocean waves

This article presents the results of nonlinear dynamic analyses that explore the effects of directionality and the random nature of ocean waves on the overall structural performance of a sample jack-up platform. A finite-element model is developed which rigorously includes the effects of the material and geometrical nonlinearities in the structure and the nonlinear soil-structure interaction. Two wave theories, NewWave and Constrained NewWave, are adopted to simulate the water surface and water particle kinematics, which are implemented in the numerical model developed. Analyses are performed for both two and three-dimensional wave models, and the results are compared in terms of the deck and spudcan foundation displacements. The results obtained from the analyses indicate that the inclusion of wave spreading can result in reductions in the deck displacements of the sample jack-up platform. The level of reduction is greater when considerable plasticity occurs in the foundation. Furthermore, the probability of failure can be significantly decreased when the wave-spreading effects are included. In addition, it is shown that the effects of wave-spreading on the response and failure of the sample jack-up is increased when wave period is decreased.     

Dynamic consequence analysis of marine electric power plant in dynamic positioning

Diesel-electric power and propulsion systems with electric thrusters are the industry standard for vessels with dynamic positioning (DP) systems. Diesel engines are paired with generators in generator sets and are used to produce electric power used by thrusters and main propellers during stationkeeping and transit, and other consumers such as hotel load, drilling drives, cranes, and heave compensators. Consequence analysis is used to verify the safety of a DP operation. It is used to check whether there is sufficient running power and thruster capacity available to retain sufficient thrust to maintain vessel position after a worst single failure. Recently, extensions of class rules enable standby generators to be considered in this analysis. This provides a more efficient configuration as relatively fewer generator sets may be running. However, DP performance is degraded during the transition from the fault occurrence until the plant is completely recovered. It is important to determine if this degradation leads to a loss of position during the transition. This study presents a simulation-based dynamic consequence analysis method that can be used to dynamically simulate fault scenarios such that the dynamics of the transient recovery can be analyzed. This analysis can be used for decision-support to configure marine electric power plants in DP. Results from the simulation study show that the currently used static consequence analysis method may provide non-conservative results under certain configurations.     

我国耕地面积与粮播面积的时序变化研究

本文就建国以来我国耕地面积和粮播面积的时序变化进行了深入的分析。作者在１９４９年～１９９５年全国粮食生产数据库的支持下,从变化趋势和变化机制两个方面,对中国耕地面积和粮播面积的时序特征进行了定量研究;在此基础上,分别应用综合增长法和灰色等维递补法对耕地面积和粮播面积进行了动态预测,结果表明：到本世纪末（２０００年）,我国耕地面积将是９４００万公顷、粮播面积可保持１０８００万公顷;并分析了达到上述预测结果的可能性和艰巨性。     

安徽省长江沿岸港口体系规模组合与空间结构分析

借助差异指数和罗化兹曲线等技术废划了安徽沿江港口体系规模组合与空间结构的地域差异特征;并运用多元回归分析方法探讨了该港口体系规模组合与空间结构地域差异的成因机制;最后在定性与定量上阐述了该港口体系规模组合与空间结构的动态演变规律。     

High resolution observations of small-scale magnetic elements and interpretation

This contribution deals with the properties of small-scale magnetic elements in plages. Spectro-polarimetric observations, obtained with the highest possible spatial resolution with the German solar telescopes at the Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife, were analysed. We conclude from the spread of line parameters measured in the Stokes I and V profiles of Fe I and Fe II lines that a wide range of magnetic properties is realised in the solar atmosphere. The flow velocities in small-scale magnetic flux tubes, deduced from the zero-crossing of the V profiles at high spatial resolution, show a fluctuation of v _Doppler = 580 m s^-1. This is substantially smaller than the turbulent broadening velocities of v _Doppler = 2 – 3 km s^–1 commonly derived by fitting V profiles from flux tube models to low spatial resolution data, e.g. from a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Attempts to explain the high resolution I and V profiles by models of hydrostatic flux tubes are discussed. It appears impossible to accomplish agreement between the modeled and observed radiation of lines with strong and weak magnetic sensitivity at the same time. We suggest a scenario in which small-scale magnetic elements possess substructure and are dynamic, with gas flows and magnetic field strengths varying in space and time.     

共和7.0级地震前地下流体前兆的动态演化特征

使用４０个地下流体观测点的资料,对１９９０年４月２６日青海省共和ＭＳ７．０地震的前兆动态特征进行了系统研究．结果表明：（１）地震带内观测点的水氡趋势异常及水化、水位群体异常及频次异常与断层平均形变速率呈同步变化．地下流体群体异常频次的累加值曲线在地震前表现为指数加速变化图形．（２）震源外围２４０ｋｍ范围内的水氡中短期趋势上升异常,表现为由震源逐渐向外围扩散的特点．在短临阶段各测点水氡的异常变化基本同步．（３）流体短临前兆出现明显的起伏加剧和层次现象,突出的表现是流量、断层气日变化在临震阶段出现３次加剧,且异常幅度一次高于一次     

Site effect and damage distribution in Pujili (Ecuador) after the 28 March 1996 earthquake

The 28 March 1996 earthquake (Mw=5.7) produced extensive damage in Pujili, a small town located in the central part of the Inter-Andean valley of Ecuador. Variations in the damage rate of adobe constructions throughout the city let us suppose a ground motion amplification related to site effects. A site effect study using the H/V spectral ratio confirmed the good agreement with geological formations and showed that a second peak in some soil response appears at sites that are located over a zone of alluvial deposits, in the most damaged area of the city. This second peak is in the frequency range 5–7 Hz, close to the natural response of adobe building frequency. Thus, the second peak seems to increase the damage rate of adobe buildings and may be related to superficial alluvial deposits of a river, acting independently of the rest of the soil column.     

Protection of a monumental building against traffic-induced vibrations

To preserve an ancient building in Rome against traffic-induced vibrations, an anti-vibration system was introduced under the paving of the near Lungotevere road. An experimental investigation was recently carried out by ENEA in order to analyse the traffic-induced vibrations in the basement of the building and the effectiveness of the intervention. Wave propagation in the soil around the building in presence of the anti-vibration paving was compared with that in absence of the anti-vibration paving. The study showed the importance of the taking into account the contribution of other structures in the area to the dynamic behaviour of the whole system.