胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境：显微构造和EBSD组构约束

新城金矿床是典型的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿,矿体形态和规模都严格受到断裂破碎带控制,是探讨复杂构造-流体耦合成矿系统控矿构造变形环境研究的理想选区。断裂破碎带中构造岩既是构造变形行为的载体,也是相应变形环境的受体。论文在新城金矿详细露头构造解析的基础上,系统采集该矿床控矿断裂破碎带定向构造岩样品,进行显微构造和EBSD组构分析。研究区构造岩显微构造特征主要表现为韧性变形和脆性变形。韧性变形有波状消光、带状消光、亚晶粒、动态重结晶、核幔构造、丝带构造、碎(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、机械双晶、蠕英结构、云母鱼等;脆性变形有书斜构造和显微裂隙等。长石(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、蠕英结构和石英颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶、丝带构造等矿物变形特征表明断裂带成矿前以高温韧性变形为主;石英波状消光、亚晶粒、亚颗粒旋转和膨凸动态重结晶、方解石机械双晶、长石显微裂隙充填物等矿物变形反映成矿期兼有中低温韧性变形和脆性变形;压剪性穿晶裂隙则反映出成矿后主要是低温脆性变形。根据差应力、应变测量和EBSD组构分析,将新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境可以分为3个构造期:成矿前在NW-SE向挤压作用下发生韧-脆性左行剪切变形,600~700℃,差应力61.37~111.09MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为2.295~3.978,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.466~1.599,反映矿区为高温中高压高应变带变形环境,应变速率较大;成矿期为NW-SE向逐渐NEE-SWW向转变的挤压作用,发生压剪性脆性变形,200~500℃,差应力65.91~135.68MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为1.403~2.204,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.321~1.378,反映矿区成矿期为中低温中高压低应变带变形环境,反应速率较小;成矿后在NWW-SEE向挤压作用下发生压剪变形,150~300℃,反映低温低压脆性变形环境。     

中天山南缘桑树园子剪切带早志留世韧性变形事件及其地质意义

桑树园子剪切带位于中天山南缘,经历了多期韧性变形事件。对其变形样式和变形历史进行深入研究有利于加深对天山造山带构造演化的认识。本文对剪切带北部发生强烈韧性变形的岩石进行变形样式及相关年代学研究,识别出一期早志留世右旋剪切运动。该期走滑剪切事件造成部分前寒武纪斜长角闪岩发生深熔作用形成浅色脉体,使花岗闪长岩发生强烈的糜棱岩化石,并伴随同构造花岗质脉体的侵入。斜长角闪岩中浅色脉体中的锆石具弱的振荡环带或无环带,Th/U比值较低,具深熔作用中新生锆石的特点,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为430.1Ma。糜棱状花岗闪长岩样品锆石核部LAICPMS U-Pb年龄为496.3Ma,是中天山北缘古天山洋向南俯冲的记录。其锆石的变质增生边给出430.5Ma的年龄,记录了花岗闪长岩遭受后期糜棱岩化改造的时间。侵入花岗闪长岩中的同构造花岗质脉体也给出较为一致的432.9Ma的锆石结晶年龄。这一年龄范围与中天山北缘古天山洋盆闭合的时间一致,因此桑树园子剪切带北部在~430Ma的右旋走滑事件可能是吐哈地块与中天山碰撞事件的陆内响应。     

地质灾害GPS实时监测预警系统关键技术探讨

利用GPS形变监测、一机多天线（GMS）及CORS等技术,探讨基于GDCORS的GPS监测数据的实时处理、灾害因子分析、灾害趋势分析等关键技术,用于高精度滑坡形变在线监测研究和应用。通过系统设计与集成,开展地质灾害隐患点滑坡地表形变远程动态监测示范站建设,为地质灾害发生的可能性分析与预报提供科学依据。     

稀有金属花岗岩富集成矿的烃类气体地球化学标志——以广西栗木锡多金属矿为例

烃类气体在自然界广泛分布并具有复杂成因和来源,同时针对烃类气体的研究不应局限于石油、天然气等传统能源矿产,而需要推广到更多其他科研领域。笔者等采取苦橄岩烃类气体标准化的研究思路,以广西栗木锡多金属矿为中心,重点围绕矿区各阶段花岗岩、矿体及地表土壤开展烃类气体宏观特征和微观规律的研究工作。通过研究和对比,揭示花岗岩及矿石中烃类气体特征和变化规律,查明在成矿作用影响下烃类气体成熟度提高且通过构造裂隙向上运移,并被地表土壤吸附形成异常的事实,明确了深部隐伏矿体与土壤烃类气体异常的成因联系及空间对应关系,建立了判断稀有金属花岗岩富集成矿的烃类气体特征指标和参数,研究表明,将烃类气体特征作为判断稀有金属花岗岩富集成矿地球化学标志的思路正确且方法可行,并将对今后进一步拓展烃类气体的研究和应用领域产生积极影响。     

Tracing exhumation record in high-pressure micaschists: A new tectonometamorphic model of the evolution of the eastern part of the Fore Sudetic Block,Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt,NE Bohemian Massif,SW Poland

The Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt comprises a volcano-sedimentary succession exposed within a collision zone between the Saxothuringian and Brunovistulian crustal domains of the European Variscides. The studied rocks recorded two metamorphic episodes. The first episode, M₁, occurred at conditions of c. 485 ± 25 °C and 18 ± 1.8 kbar related to burial within a subduction zone. The subsequent episode, M₂, was linked to the final phases of exhumation to mid-crustal level, associated with pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions ranging from c. 520 ± 26 °C and 6 ± 0.6 kbar through 555 ± 28 °C and 7 kbar ± 0.7 to ~590 ± 30 °C and 3–4 ± 0.4 kbar. The documented deformation record is ascribed to three events, D₁ to D₃, interpreted as related to the burial and subsequent exhumation of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt. The D₁ event must have witnessed the subduction of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt rock succession whereas the D₂ event was associated with the exhumation and folding of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt in an E-W-directed shortening regime. A subsequent folding related to the D₂ event was initiated at HP conditions, however, the planar fabric produced during a late stage of the D₂ event, defined by a low-pressure mineral assemblage M₂, indicates that the D₂ final stage was synchronous with the onset of the M₂ episode. Consequently, the entire D₂ event seems to have been associated with the exhumation of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt to mid crustal level. The third deformation event D₃, synchronous with the M₂ episode, marked the last stage of the exhumation, and was linked to emplacement of granitoid veins and lenses. The latter resulted in heating and rheological weakening of the entire rock succession and in the formation of non-coaxial shear zones.     

岩脉多次侵入条件下斜坡变形破坏模式及稳定性分析

岩质斜坡受到花岗岩脉的多次侵入,坡体结构和岩体结构均有较大的改变,因此斜坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性均有可能发生变化。本文以雅砻江中游楞古水电站坝址区嘎夏帕斜坡为例,对多次花岗岩脉侵入条件下斜坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性进行分析。嘎夏帕斜坡原本为陡倾中薄层砂岩组成的逆向坡,岩体完整性较好,稳定性较高; 由于受到花岗岩脉的多次侵入,坡体变成砂岩和岩脉互层的结构,在岩脉挤压作用下,大部分岩体呈碎裂状,完整性差,坡体的变形模式由弯曲-倾倒式变为挡墙溃决式。中部完整性较好的砂岩成为挡墙,和前部岩脉一起阻止后部大方量碎裂状岩体下滑,但是随着前部脉体的失稳破坏,斜坡有可能发生挡墙溃决式整体滑坡。并通过数值模拟软件3DEC进行了验证,计算结果与定性分析一致。本文的结论可以为此类斜坡的稳定性分析和防治提供理论支持,具有一定的参考价值和实际意义。     

基于变形分区确定某反倾岩质岸坡变形体锁固段

对处于蠕滑阶段的边坡而言,准确确定蠕滑段和锁固段是进行稳定性评价及演化趋势预测的基础和前提。以我国西南山区某水库型岸坡变形体为例,在综合分析岸坡工程地质条件的基础上,通过联合运用野外现场地质调查、地表位移监测、钻孔、平硐、深部位移监测、物探等多种勘察手段,查明了岸坡的结构特征,并分别对岸坡进行地表和深部变形分区。 在此基础上,结合当前稳定性现状,划分出岸坡蠕滑段与锁固段。结果表明:(1)岸坡在河谷下切过程中发生了弯曲倾倒变形,弯曲折断面深度为20～80m;(2)岸坡前部为蠕滑段,中部为锁固段,后部为拉裂段,具备滑移-拉裂-剪断三段式发育特征。研究结果可直接用于该岸坡变形体的稳定性评价,且对于同类型处于蠕滑阶段边坡的勘察手段及综合分析具有一定的借鉴意义。     

一种模拟韧性剪切带中椭球状标志体运动、变形的新方法

韧性剪切带中赋存的椭球状应变标志体(砾石、碎斑等)是研究剪切带运动学、动力学的重要应变标志体。传统研究中椭球状标志体通过对野外露头的观测或与实验岩石学结合,判断剪切带运动方向、探讨运动学和流变学特征。随着数值模拟技术在韧性剪切带中的引入和推广,国内外许多学者试图恢复椭球状标志体的运动轨迹和变形特征,并取得了显著的成果。然而,国内文献对于模拟韧性剪切带椭球状标志体的定量及模拟研究甚少,研究方法也鲜为介绍。基于此,针对韧性剪切带中椭球状标志体变形的最新研究进展,详细介绍建立在Jeffery理论和Eshelby理论之上的数值模拟思路和方法,并利用Mathcad软件模拟了给定条件下的椭球状标志体的运动轨迹、变形特征。     

Neoglacial (<3000 years) till and flutes at Saskatchewan Glacier,Canadian Rocky Mountains,formed by subglacial deformation of a soft bed

Understanding the processes that deposit till below modern glaciers provides fundamental information for interpreting ancient subglacial deposits. A process‐deposit‐landform model is developed for the till bed of Saskatchewan Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The glacier is predominantly hard bedded in its upper reaches and flows through a deep valley carved into resistant Palaeozoic carbonates but the ice margin rests on a thick (<6 m) soft bed of silt‐rich deformation till that has been exposed as the glacier retreats from its Little Ice Age limit reached in 1854. In situ tree stumps rooted in a palaeosol under the till are dated between ca 2900 and 2700 yr bp and record initial glacier expansion during the Neoglacial. Sedimentological and stratigraphic observations underscore the importance of subglacial deformation of glaciofluvial outwash deposited in front of the advancing glacier and mixing with glaciolacustrine carbonate‐rich silt to form a soft bed. The exposed till plain has a rolling drumlinoid topography inherited from overridden end moraines and is corrugated by more than 400 longitudinal flute ridges which record deformation of the soft bed and fall into three genetically related types: those developed in propagating incipient cavities in the lee of large subglacial boulders embedded in deformation till, and those lacking any originating boulder and formed by pressing of wet till up into radial crevasses under stagnant ice. A third type consists of U‐shaped flutes akin to barchan dunes; these wrap around large boulders at the downglacier ends of longitudinal scours formed by the bulldozing of boulders by the ice front during brief winter readvances across soft till. Pervasive subglacial deformation during glacier expansion was probably facilitated by large boulders rotating within the soft bed (‘glacioturbation’).