基于物理模拟试验的岩质滑坡地表位移分析

三段式岩质滑坡是一种典型的斜坡变形破坏模式,运用二维地质力学加载系统对其变形破坏全过程进行物理模拟试验研究,采用激光位移计对坡顶和坡脚位置进行位移监测。结果表明:位移监测曲线总体上表现为锁固段经历长时间的能量积累与应力调整后的突发脆性破坏;由于软弱夹层具有蠕滑特性,前缘蠕滑阶段呈现出与土质滑坡相似的初始变形→等速变形→加速变形特征;后缘拉裂阶段作为最短暂的变形阶段,其位移监测曲线表现为“减-增-减-增”的“W”型变化趋势;锁固段是三段式岩质边坡维持稳定的关键所在,其受剪变形的顺序为先上后下,损伤变形由端部向中部递进,最终锁固段剪断形成突发脆性破坏,滑坡高速启动。     

黄河上游茨哈峡水电站右坝肩顺层岩质斜坡破坏模式分析

本文的研究通过黄河上游茨哈峡水电站岸坡的变形特征,阐明了一类顺层高陡斜坡由倾倒变形转化为蠕滑-拉裂的斜坡变形破坏方式、演变过程及发展趋势,并对该岸坡的稳定性进行了分析评价。结果表明,目前该斜坡变形的发展已初步形成潜在折断面,并正处于蠕滑-拉裂变形阶段。从地质历史过程分析,其处于从稳定变形到不稳定破坏的过渡阶段。     

反倾岩质边坡的时效变形破坏研究

为研究反倾岩质边坡的变形破坏规律性与形成机制,以黄河上游茨哈峡水电站库区反倾岩质边坡变形破坏为例,基于系统的工程地质方法并结合离散元模拟边坡的变形演化进程,对其倾倒变形的时效性进行了分析并研究了其形成演化机制。结果表明:1该倾倒边坡的时效变形规律表现为倾倒变形在不同方向上具有差异性,其时空演化特征表现为斜坡顶部的拉裂和中部的弯曲变形,目前倾倒体内未形成贯通性失稳界面,倾倒拉裂和弯曲变形同时存在,表现为倾倒机制的长期性、积累性和阶段性;2该类斜坡的变形破坏是岩层在自重应力作用下做悬臂梁弯曲,岩层发生弯曲变形,导致坡体后缘开裂、根部折断、前缘剪切蠕变,当坡体折断带内的剪应力超过其抗剪强度时,坡体逐渐错动下滑形成倾倒塌滑体;3该倾倒变形体的破坏模式为弯曲—拉裂变形、弯曲—折断破裂、蠕滑—拉裂变形、表层滑塌和深部滑坡形成。     

大渡河三交坪滑坡形成演化机制分析及稳定性评价

三交坪滑坡位于四川首汉源县境内的流沙河左岸，分布面积约1km^3。由于该坡体存在层间错动带和局部变形碎裂体．且地表泉水点较多．造成坡体上游、中部及前缘出现了大量的拉裂缝，目前坡体局部已处于不稳定状态。因此，对该坡体的稳定性评价显得尤为重要。文章根据坡体的结构及形态特征详细分析了滑坡的形成演化机制，判定三交坪滑坡的破坏模式为蠕滑拉裂。同时采用岸坡岩体地质分析及量化评价方法对该滑坡的稳定性进行了分析，得出浅层计算滑面及基岩覆盖界面处的深部计算滑面在天然状态下稳定性良好；但在天然＋暴雨的条件下，浅部滑面的稳定性有少许弱化，处于临界不稳定状态。最后，根据以上分析提出合理的治理建议。     

福建闽侯某小区滑坡特征及成因机制分析

通过对福建闽侯某小区滑坡的地质调绘、探井及钻孔勘察等综合方法应用,结合深部位移监测,充分论证了滑面的位置,分析研究滑坡的基本特征及影响因素。研究表明,该滑坡是推移式土质滑坡,破坏模式为蠕滑-拉裂-弯曲型式,结合小区建设实际,提出切合实际且有效的锚索抗滑桩的治理方案。     

三峡库区张桓侯庙东侧滑坡动态监测成果分析与应用

三峡库区张桓侯庙东侧滑坡为一大型土质滑坡。为了掌握滑坡的变形状态,对滑坡实施应急动态监测,采用了地表位移、地表沉降、深部位移、地下水位、降雨量及泉流量监测等手段,确定了滑坡的变形范围、主滑方向、滑面深度等基本要素及内部、外部变形特征,通过对监测成果的综合分析将滑坡分为强变形区与弱变形区,确认滑坡性质总体上为推移式,右侧前缘具有牵引式的性质。判断滑坡在监测期间处于匀速变形阶段,降雨是影响滑坡稳定性的主要因素,起到了加速滑面形成的作用。利用监测成果修正了滑面形态,反演滑带参数。建议对滑坡的防治加强地表排水,切忌对强变形区前缘进行开挖。     

四川茂县新磨村滑坡启动机制物理模拟试验研究

2017年四川省茂县新磨村滑坡的启动具有明显的“锁固段”效应。在现场调查基础上,采用高强度脆性材料制作斜坡模型,开展物理模拟试验,重现滑坡变形破坏过程,分析新磨村后山高位顺层滑坡在反倾节理和潜在滑移破裂面控制下的启动机制,结合“锁固段”岩体变形破坏特征、变形监测数据和声发射信号,研究滑坡临滑前兆。试验发现：受上部滑体推挤,滑源区前部“锁固段”岩体沿反倾节理鼓胀剪出,在坡表形成鼓胀裂缝,在斜坡内部形成顺坡向拉裂面,两组破裂面组合形成阶梯状破坏面,构成“锁固段”岩体破坏边界条件。斜坡在上部滑移块体推挤下,中部形成向临空面高速启动的弹射块体,并带动下部倾倒块体向坡外运动,滑坡启动。故对于此类滑坡,可将沿反倾节理剪出形成的鼓胀裂缝视为宏观临滑前兆;同时在“锁固段”屈服阶段,坡表与坡顶的位移比值随时间先快速增长、后平缓,表征滑面逐渐贯通,滑坡各部位变形逐渐趋于协同,滑坡即将失稳。该比值时序曲线的斜率趋近于零可视为此类滑坡的临滑前兆。研究结论对发育反倾节理的顺层边坡失稳预警有理论和实践意义。     

黄土路堑边坡开挖变形机理的离心模型试验研究

利用离心模型试验揭示了黄土路堑边坡在开挖过程中的变形破坏特征,结果表明:开挖前,坡体变形以自重应力作用下的竖向变形为主,开挖后,堑坡坡体中后部土体以垂直向下变形为主,前部土体变形以水平变形为主,而且坡体前部的变形远大于中后部的变形;同时结合变形特征,系统分析了黄土路堑边坡开挖过程中主滑段滑带土的强度变化规律,认为黄土路堑边坡开挖变形破坏的力学机制总体上应属于蠕滑-压致拉裂机制。     

川藏公路茶树山滑坡特征及成因机制分析

通过对川藏公路茶树山滑坡地质环境条件的系统调查研究,分析了滑坡岩土体结构、边界条件、变形特征、影响因素,并结合3DEC数值模拟,对其变形破坏机制进行了深入的探讨。综合分析表明,滑坡位于活动断裂带内,后缘斜坡陡峭,岩体破碎,同时前缘为较厚的松散堆积体斜坡,在地震活动、降雨等影响因素的诱发作用下,滑坡成因机制主要表现为以下3个阶段:(1)倾倒拉裂阶段,滑坡受后缘地形及岩体结构控制作用较为明显,在坡体浅表层一定深度范围内出现较为强烈的倾倒拉裂变形带,产生倾倒-拉裂滑动;(2)蠕滑变形阶段,前缘松散堆积体在强大的自重推力作用下发生蠕滑变形;(3)前部"锁骨段"剪断,整体失稳阶段,滑坡前部锁骨段在自重推力及断层活动的持续影响下,发生剪断,控制后缘倾倒拉裂体稳定性的潜在滑面与前缘松散堆积体体内的剪切滑动面贯通,滑坡整体失稳。     

皖南山区阳台古滑坡稳定性数值模拟研究

以皖南山区阳台古滑坡堆积体为例,在工程地质勘察的基础上,运用三维有限差分数值模拟结合极限平衡理论对其稳定性进行了详细研究。结果表明:该滑坡整体处于稳定状态,但在暴雨的影响下,其前缘可能出现浅层的蠕滑-拉裂破坏,坡体中上部可能出现较深层的蠕动变形-拉裂破坏。对于这类滑坡堆积体的防治应当采用多级治理措施分别控制其变形部位,同时疏通截排水系统。     

三峡库区青石-抱龙段顺层灰岩库岸坡变形破坏机理

三峡库区基岩顺层滑坡大多以砂/泥岩或泥/泥灰岩互层滑坡为主,力学机制以顺层滑移剪切为主。新近发现的青石-抱龙段顺层灰岩库岸,岸坡岩性以灰岩、白云岩为主。在21个顺向斜坡中9个斜坡存在岩层弯曲现象,高程分布在145~175m,且大量层面有擦痕,局部岩层强烈弯曲形成了类似逆断层的现象。这些变形破坏现象受控于重力作用下沿层面的滑移-弯曲力学机制。通过连续-非连续数值分析方法研究表明,在这一带岸坡中约200m的主动平直滑移段下滑力驱动了约30m的被动弯曲隆起段变形,被动弯曲隆起段位移地形变缓、岩层增厚。当前青石-抱龙一带顺层灰岩库岸岩层隆起和松动较小,处于滑移-弯曲变形的早期阶段,主要以累进性变形为主。建议对该段库岸进行专业监测,并开展进一步的调查研究工作。     

Rock Mass Deformation Characteristics in High-Steep Slopes Influenced by Open-Pit to Underground Mining

In Daye Iron Mine, the open-pit mining has ended and the underground mining started in 2003. The present pit slopes are as high as 430 m and the slope angle is up to 43°. During the process of open-pit to underground mining, the high-steep pit slopes would be affected by both open-pit mining and underground mining, and its deformation characteristics would become more complex. So in this paper, the trinity method of numerical simulation, model experiment and field test was adopted to analyze the displacement and stress fields systematically. The results show that: (1) Prominent rebound deformation occurs near the slope foot, which is induced by the unloading in open-pit mining. When it is backfilled to 0 m level, the rebound deformation decreases, which indicate that backfilling mass can restrict the deformation and improve the slope stability; (2) Subsidence dominates the slope deformation in open-pit to underground mining and it increases with an increasing elevation of monitoring point; the maximum horizontal displacement occurs in the lower part of the slopes, because the backfilled part is squeezed by both the north slope and the south slope, and it has a lower elastic modulus than the previous orebody; (3) The stress and its variability near the slope foot are much larger than other places, indicating that the slope foot is most affected by stress redistribution and stress concentration may occur here; the stress at other stress monitoring points changes little, indicating that the influence of open-pit to underground mining is local; (4) The effect of underground mining on the deformation of the faults is not prominent; (5) Mining operations in near-ground part affect more on the variation of deformation and stress of pit slopes than that in deeper part.     

Study on evolutionary characteristics of toppling deformation of reverse-dip layered rock slope based on surface displacement monitoring data

In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of reverse-dip slope toppling is conducted by taking the Xiaodongcao slope as an example. First, a spatial partitioning analysis of toppling deformation is performed based on the field reconnaissance and interpretation of engineering geological data. Then, the variations of toppling deformation in time domain are analyzed for different areas of the slope with monitored data of surface displacement. Finally, the isochrones of toppling displacement evolution are constructed by using inverse distance weighted interpolation of surface monitoring data at discrete locations. The results presented in the study have shown that: (1) the displacement at the rear of the slope is dominated by vertical deformation, whereas the horizontal deformation is predominant at the slope front which also controls the overall deformation of the bank slope; (2) the overall evolution of slope deformation is dominated by the strip area at the center of the slope. In particular, the overall deformation of the slope lags behind the central region, and the displacement in this strip area could trigger an overall displacement of the bank slope. It is thus inferred that the stripe area serves as the locked segment for the toppling deformation of the slope.     

川西日扎潜在巨型岩质滑坡发育特征与形成机理研究

日扎潜在巨型岩质滑坡位于四川降曲河左岸，多高山峡谷且河流纵坡降大，晚更新世以来强烈活动的金沙江断裂带东界断裂从斜坡坡脚通过。本文在遥感解译、现场调查和物探测试分析的基础上，对日扎滑坡的发育特征和形成机理进行了分析研究，认为日扎滑坡是在断裂活动、岩溶水、长期卸荷和重力作用下形成的一个潜在巨型深层岩质滑坡，在空间上可划分为后部拉裂变形区(Ⅰ)、中部挤压变形区(Ⅱ)和坡脚应力集中区(Ⅲ)等3个分区。目前日扎潜在巨型滑坡以后部蠕滑变形为主，在其后缘发育4条拉裂缝，物探推测最大裂缝宽度达30~35 m、深度达190 m。研究认为，日扎潜在巨型滑坡存在两种主要失稳模式:(1)高位剪出失稳，推测潜在失稳体积分别为(7.9~10.2)×107 m3(H₁)、(2.3~2.9)×108 m3(H₂)、(4.8~7.2)×108 m3(H₃)和(6~10)×108 m3(H₄)；(2)深部蠕滑变形，在滑体深部存在蠕变带和锁固段，最大蠕动变形体厚度约300 m(H₅)。日扎滑坡在长期卸荷与重力、地震和岩溶水等作用下容易造成锁固段力学强度弱化和失稳，发生高位启动-滑动-堵江灾害链，深层蠕变带容易对建设其中的深埋隧道等重大工程造成危害。该类潜在巨型岩质滑坡在青藏高原地区具有典型性，建议对日扎潜在巨型滑坡进行深入勘察，查明其空间结构特征与稳定性，必要时进行监测预警。     

边坡位移监测的若干技术问题

本文探讨了影响边坡位移监测精度的若干主要技术问题,认为只有选择恰当的地表位移监测基准,并对监测方案、监测站的布设和监测周期的设计等技术问题进行优化,才能满足边坡变形监测的要求。因此本文在此基础上,建议使用多种监测手段,建立立体监测系统,同时监测地表和地下位移,有助于全面反映边坡的变形破坏情况,从而为边坡的稳定性分析和滑坡预测预报提供科学依据。     

龙滩水电站左岸蠕变体B区边坡位移监测分析

结合地下水位监测与降雨量监测结果,对龙滩水电站左岸蠕变体B区边坡位移监测资料进行综合分析,认为边坡蠕变岩体位移主要发生在高程520m以上,且强风化线或蠕变岩体折断面控制着边坡岩体的变形,由于边坡排水、坡体压脚,岩体变形速率逐渐变小,目前已经基本稳定。应加强边坡强风化线或蠕变岩体折断面附近的位移监测,特别是蓄水期监测;同时要保证地表和地下排水系统的正常运行。     

Analysis and Design of an Underground Portal in Lateritic Soils

This paper presents a case study of the analysis and design of slopes for the portal of an underground crude oil storage cavern site. The site selected for the slope study is characterized by residual soils and granitic rock formations, located in the southwestern part of India. It is observed that in tropical residual soils, most hillslope failures are caused by rainfall and thus it is important to consider hydrological conditions when attempting to analyze the stability of slopes in such material. Combinations of shallow slopes with lower overburden and high steep hillslope with large overburden were considered in the present study along with varying combinations of lateritic soils and weathered rock formations. The paper discusses the various investigations carried out to define the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and weathered rock, followed by numerical modelling and remedial measures adopted to ensure the stability of slopes during design and construction phase. Since analysis and design procedures for such residual soils are not well established, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out prior to numerical model development for carrying out finite element studies in order to ascertain long term stability of slopes under differing ground conditions. The results of the stability analysis indicated that slope under existing condition were potentially unstable under rainy conditions and specific supporting measures were planned to ensure stability. Several alternatives were examined for improving the stability of slope taking into consideration existing facilities, space available for mobilization of equipments and environmental conditions in reference to specific project requirements. The convergence pattern obtained from geotechnical monitoring using optical targets along the slopes did not showed any alarming movement for over a year.     

重庆某不稳定斜坡变形监测及稳定性分析

位于重庆市区的某不稳定斜坡, 其变形区范围内拟进行大规模基坑开挖, 为保证安全施工, 必须准确评价斜坡的稳定性.在现场调查、归纳地质环境条件的基础上, 对不稳定斜坡进行变形监测, 研究斜坡变形特征; 采用FLAC-3D有限差分软件进行数值模拟分析, 将结果与实际变形监测曲线进行对比、拟合, 得到监测点的位移情况, 从而准确了解不稳定斜坡的变形情况; 最后基于极限平衡法和FLAC-3D强度折减法对不稳定斜坡天然状况以及基坑开挖工况下的稳定性进行评价.      

地震作用下顺倾多弱层岩质边坡动力响应

抚顺西露天矿由于长期开采造成地底岩层出露,形成众多顺倾多弱层岩质边坡。鉴于目前对于地震作用下顺倾多弱层岩质边坡的研究较少,选择抚顺西露天矿南帮E1000处顺倾多弱层岩质边坡,分析地震作用下多弱层对边坡动力响应的影响。利用有限差分软件对边坡进行数值建模,分析真实地震动作用下边坡不同弱层的动力响应变化规律,并将双弱层、单一弱层和无弱层四种情况进行对比,发现不同弱层的动力响应和对边坡的影响程度不同,位于边坡下部的弱层无高程放大效应但对边坡起主导作用,与坡面共线的弱层存在趋表放大效应和高程放大效应但对边坡无明显影响。双向地震动对顺倾多弱层边坡的弱层和坡面放大效应不受影响,Z（垂直）方向的加速度和速度显著增加,双向地震动作用下边坡的速度分布差异明显,但位移分布无显著变化。地震作用下顺倾多弱层边坡的动力响应规律与弱层的分布位置和作用机理有关,在边坡的防护和治理过程中应充分考虑弱层对边坡的影响。     

水位下降条件下黏性土边坡稳定性的图表法

库（河）岸边坡由于坡体迎水面水位下降经常造成坡体稳定性降低,建立快速评估水位变化条件下的边坡稳定性分析方法具有重要的工程实用价值。基于库（河）水位下降过程及坡体内非稳定渗流条件,通过对ABAQUS程序进行二次开发,发展了考虑地表水-地下水联动作用下的黏性土边坡强度折减有限元分析方法;在分析边坡土性参数、相对渗透比值、边界条件对边坡稳定性影响的基础上,建立了考虑土性参数、相对渗透比值、库水位下降比、坡角等一体化的相对稳定安全系数综合图表表示方法。该方法能够简便、快捷地查出实际涉水边坡在不同工况下的稳定安全系数及设计边坡坡比,可作为现有图表法的有益补充。