Participation and resistance: Alternative seafood marketing in a neoliberalera

This paper suggests that detrimental effects of certain neoliberal fisheries policies are key drivers behind the development of alternative seafood marketing programs in North America. It examines the structures, market and non-market values, and challenges of these programs. The primary aim of the research, based on interviews involving 20 programs and a conference workshop, was to advance understanding of the market value of alternative seafood marketing to fishers and communities. However, the importance of a broader set of non-market values was repeatedly highlighted by those engaged in these programs. Overall, the research suggests that alternative seafood marketing can enable fishers to participate in fisheries managed by neoliberal, market-based policies, through the promotion of market values along their diverse value chains. At the same time, alternative seafood marketing appears to resist market-based fishing systems, sometimes through the promotion of broader, non-market outcomes. Common challenges along these alternative seafood value chains highlight the structural conflicts that exist while simultaneously participating in and resisting neoliberal fisheries structures.     

Stronger together: Strategies to protect local sovereignty,ecosystems, and place-based communities from the global fossil fuel trade

In the Pacific Northwest, residents are mobilizing to prevent the coastal export of fossil fuels and protect unique ecosystems and place-based communities. This paper examines the diverse groups, largely from the Bellingham area, and how they succeeded in blocking construction of what was to be the largest coal-shipping port in North America, the Gateway Pacific Terminal (GPT). Tribes, environmental organizations, faith-based groups, and other citizen groups used a multitude of approaches to prevent development, both independently and in concert. This paper reviews the various ways in which the groups collaborated and supported one another to resist the neoliberalization of the coast and support local sovereignty, unique ecosystems, and place-based communities. Groups like Power Past Coal, Protect Whatcom, and Coal-Free Bellingham fought for important and protective changes and evidenced communitywide political support, but the sovereign rights of the Lummi Nation were the legal bar to constructing the coal terminal.     

南宁邕江网箱养殖区浮游生物种群结构特征

浮游生物是评价水体质量的一项重要生物指标,为了解广西南宁邕江网箱养殖区的水质状况,于2009年9月-2010年9月在金陵至清川桥江段网箱养殖区设置2个监测断面,每两个月采样1次,对其水质和浮游植物种群组成、密度和优势种变化进行了系统研究.结果表明:邕江网箱养殖区共检出浮游植物8门98属(种),绿藻、硅藻分别占浮游植物总种数的42.8％、24.5％;共检出浮游动物4大类44属(种),优势种为轮虫类,占浮游动物总种数的43.2％.总体看来,邕江网箱养殖区浮游生物种数夏秋季节多,冬春季节少;浮游生物密度与种数季节变化趋势一致.邕江网箱养殖区综合营养状态指数(TLI)介于59.28-66.87之间,属于中度富营养化水平.Shannon-Wiener多样性及均匀度指数分别介于1.35-1.56和0.2275-0.2586之间,表明邕江网箱养殖区在监测期内处于中营养—富营养状态,这与采用相关加权综合营养状态指数法的评价结果一致.     

盐碱池塘浮游动物的群落演替和多样性

于1997年4月5日至1998年9月1日对山东高青赵店乡渔场34个盐碱池浮游动物群落演替及其多样性进行了研究,采集了389个浮游动物定量水样。结果表明,轮虫主要是在夏秋高温季节占主导地位,桡足类在春季和秋末冬初在大部分养鱼池和所有无鱼对照池中占绝对优势,原生动物在养鱼池浮游动物中占相当比重,浮游动物生物量的冬季变动一般都有放养早期的春季生物量峰值和盛夏至初秋的生物量高峰,浮游动物多样性指数的季节变动形式与浮游动物生物量的季节变动不尽相同,其季节变动的总趋势是,冬季最低,春季开始上扬,夏季最高,秋季又开始下降;浮游动物多样性指数在浮游动物生物量峰值时多是低谷,而生物量下降时多样性指数又上升,无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物多样性指数和生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

Community congruence between macroinvertebrates and wetland dependent birds in natural wetlands of southwest Ethiopia

Assessment and monitoring of biodiversity is critical for conservation planning. Considering the cost and time associated to monitoring, selecting proper bio-indicators is important, particularly in countries where financial resources are limited. The objectives of this study were to investigate community congruence of macroinvertebrates and wetland birds in natural wetlands of southwest Ethiopia, exposed to different levels of human disturbance and to identify important environmental variables related to these bio-indicators. Data on macroinvertebrates, birds, physico-chemical water quality, human disturbance and vegetation cover were collected from 54 sampling sites distributed over 12 wetlands during dry and wet season of 2015. Procrustes analysis was used to quantify community congruence between the two assemblages across different disturbance levels. The congruence of macroinvertebrates and wetland dependent birds was higher for low disturbed wetlands (R² = 0.60) than for moderately disturbed wetlands (R² = 0.31). Moderately disturbed wetlands showed no significant congruence between macroinvertebrates and wetland birds and between wetland dependent and wetland associated birds. A significant and positive relation between richness of macroinvertebrates and wetland dependent birds was observed when the full data set was used, whereas no significant relation was observed when the data was split according to the different levels of human disturbance. Vegetation cover, dissolved oxygen, water depth, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and conductivity were significantly correlated with both macroinvertebrate and wetland bird occurrence. Based on our study we suggest to monitor both bio-indicators as they provide important complementary information on the status of the wetlands.     

象山港大型底栖动物群落特征

2006年7月—2008年8月,对象山港全港海域设立的13个采样站位采集的调查资料,用物种丰富度指数、物种均匀度指数和物种多样性指数分析象山港大型底栖动物物种的多样性和群落种类的组成,以及采用ABC曲线方法和大型多元统计分析软件PRIMER5对象山港大型底栖动物进行Bray-Curtis相似性聚类分析和非度量MDS标序,研究象山港大型底栖动物群落结构。调查显示象山港大型底栖动物不同采样站位之间物种丰富度指数(d)、均匀度指数(J)、辛普森多样性指数(D)和香农-威纳多样性指数(H’)差异皆高度显著(P0.01)。群落结构聚类分析和MDS标序表明,13个采样站位的大型底栖动物群落大致可分为3组。根据所调查象山港大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量资料做的ABC曲线分析表明,该海域大型底栖动物群落受到了严重的环境污染或者扰动,逐渐由一种或几种个体较小的种类占优势。     

2001—2002年粤东柘林湾浮游动物的生态学研究

2001年4月-2002年4月,利用生态学方法对粤东柘林湾浮游动物进行的周年调查结果表明,粤东柘林湾浮游动物有桡足类34属60种,枝角类3属3种,及端足类、磷虾、糠虾、多毛类、毛颚类、被囊类、水母和各种浮游幼体虫.浮游动物的群落构成小型化趋势明显,因为体长不足0.6 mm的小型优势种强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)、短角长腹剑水蚤(Oithona brevicornis)和鸟喙尖头(氵蚤)(Penilia avirostris)在浮游动物总个体数中所占比例合计高达57.1 %.浮游动物的种类数、总个体数和生物量的平面分布模式大体相似,即湾外大于湾内,外侧大于内侧,东部大于西部.总个体数与生物量的周年变化曲线与水温的变化趋势非常相似,高峰位于高温季节的8-9月,低谷位于冬季2月.调查期间柘林湾浮游动物非常丰富,年均总个体数达15.8×103 ind/m3,生物量达227.8mg*dW/m3.在单一调查年度内,浮游动物丰度与水温、浮游植物细胞数呈显著正相关关系.在不同年份,浮游动物丰度与浮游植物密度则表现为负相关的趋势.     

徐闻珊瑚礁区浮游植物的季节变化

2006年8月-2007年4月对广东省徐闻珊瑚礁区的浮游植物进行了周年的季节调查,结果共检出浮游植物262种(包括变种和变型):春季82种、夏季117种、秋季119种、冬季141种,其中硅藻门67属252种,甲藻门5属8种,蓝藻门1属2种.优势种共有37种:春季8种、夏季7种、秋季9种、冬季13种,几乎全为广温广盐性沿岸种类,群落结构具有亚热带和沿岸性特征,主要优势种为太平洋海链藻Thalassiosira pacirica、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、奇异菱形藻Nitxschiaparadoxa,f rhombus和细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis等,没有全年广布优势种;四季均出现的种类共有24种,全为硅藻,各季节间共有种类数在42-61种,Jaccard种类相似性指数范围在0.256-0.310,季节更替明显.多样性指数和均匀度平均值分别为4.02和0.59,物种非常丰富:浮游植物细胞密度在(5.35-12.87)×104cells/L之间,冬季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低,属双峰型变化,但与一般亚热带春、秋季出现密度高峰不一致.叶绿素α含量与浮游植物密度存在着极显著的正相关.而细胞密度、叶绿素口含量与各营养盐之间不存在明显的相关性.从浮游植物吸收N、P的配比分析.N为春、夏、秋3季的营养限制因子,P为冬季的营养限制因子,但从N、P的绝对值看,N和P都是全年的营养限制因子,因此其水质营养类型属于亚热带贫营养型.在南北方向上,4个季节活性磷酸盐在各断面的含量依次均为B>D>A>E>C,这可能与该海区的流场特征及海底沉积物有关.     

南黄海大型底栖生物生态调查与研究

根据2008年9月第十二次中韩黄海环境联合调查底栖生物的调查资料整理而成,并与2006年的资料进行比较,分析研究了南黄海海域大型底栖动物的环境质量状况。结果表明,底栖生物种类组成以多毛类居首,软体动物次之。大型底栖生物的栖息密度、生物量和种类数基本上呈现沿岸高,黄海中部低的空间分布特征。调查海域东北部的B3站位是相对稳定的底栖生物栖息密度和生物量高值区。调查海域大型底栖生物可划分为7个群落,以临近长江口的群落Ⅶ的多样性指数和丰富度最高。靠近中国沿岸的群落的生物量组成与临近韩国的群落显著不同。中国与韩国的部分近岸海域均受到一定的人为扰动,但未发现有相互污染的情况。除群落Ⅳ和群落Ⅵ多样性指数和丰富度较低外,其它群落多样性指数和丰富度尚可,群落结构基本稳定。