联合国气候变化会议达成减排共识

为期5天的联合国气候变化大会预备会议8月3113在这里闭幕。与会代表达成共识认为，工业化国家应力争在2020年之前将温室气体排放量在1990年的水平上减少25％至40％。     

长江、黄河、淮河一年“喝”下污水380多亿吨

水利部长江水利委员会日前公布（2005年长江流域及西南诸河水资源公报》，2005年度该流域废污水排放总量为296．4亿吨，比上年增加8．3亿吨，增幅2．9％。其中工业废水204亿吨，约占七成。公报显示，排污主要集中在太湖、洞庭湖水系、湖口以下干流、宜昌至湖口、鄱阳湖水系、岷沱江和汉江，占长江废污水排放量的八成多。根据2004年的公报，当年度长江流域废污水排放为288．1亿吨，比2003年增加14：8亿吨，增幅5．4％。     

温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析

温室气体排放的科学定量评价是建立国际温室气体减排框架、确定各国合理的减排责任、部署国际减排行动的基础。通过系统阐述目前国际上通行的温室气体排放的主要评价指标(国别排放指标、人均排放指标、GDP 排放指标和国际贸易排放指标等), 并通过定量评价剖析这些评价指标的优缺点及其局限性。讨论了发展科学、公平和易于广泛接受的新评价指 标的可能性。基于可持续发展的公平性原则, 提出了“工业化累积人均排放量” 的新指标, 以客观定量评价世界各国工业化以来温室气体历史累积排放量的当代人均量。新指标的结果显示, 英美等老牌工业化国家的工业化累积人均排放量远高于全球平均水平和发展中国家的 水平。还提出并讨论了人均单位GDP 排放量、消费排放量、生存排放量等潜在的评价指标。     

一次能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量变化

从不同燃料和不同地区入手,分析了我国1995~2006年间一次能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量变化情况。结果表明:1995~2006年间,我国一次能源消费导致的二氧化碳年总排放量呈现"先减少后增加"的发展态势,其拐点出现在2000年,而且2001年后各个省(区、市)的二氧化碳年排放量较前期均有大幅度的增加,总排放量由1995年的78678万t碳增长到2006年的146919万t碳,年均增长率5.84％,人均二氧化碳年排放量也由0.62t碳/人增加到1.12t碳/人;煤炭消费导致的二氧化碳排放量占全国二氧化碳年总排放量的79%~85％;我国七大区和大部分省(区、市)二氧化碳年排放量与全国总排放量有类似的发展态势,其中华北、华东地区二氧化碳排放量居全国首位,山西省的二氧化碳排放量位居全国第一。     

Constraining anthropogenic CH4 emissions in Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta,China, using atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios

Methane （CH4） emissions estimated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） inventory method at the city and regional scale are subject to large uncertainties.In this study,we determined the CH4：CO2 emissions ratio for both Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta （YRD）,using the atmospheric CH4 and CO2 concentrations measured at a suburban site in Nanjing in the winter.The atmospheric estimate of the CH4：CO2 emissions ratio was in reasonable agreement with that calculated using the IPCC method for the YRD （within 20％）,but was 200％ greater for the municipality of Nanjing.The most likely reason for the discrepancy is that emissions from unmanaged landfills are omitted from the official statistics on garbage production.     

Soil carbon stock and flux in plantation forest and grassland ecosystems in Loess Plateau,China

Carbon sequestration occurs when cultivated soils are re-vegetated. In the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China, black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation forest and grassland were the two main vegetation types used to mitigate soil and water loss after cultivation abandonment. The purpose of this study was to compare the soil carbon stock and flux of these two types of vegetation which restored for 25 years. The experiment was conducted in Yangjuangou catchment in Yan′an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Two adjacent slopes were chosen for this study. Six sample sites were spaced every 35–45 m from summit to toe slope along the hill slope, and each sample site contained three sampling plots. Soil organic carbon and related physicochemical properties in the surface soil layer(0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were measured based on soil sampling and laboratory analysis, and the soil carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions and environmental factors were measured in the same sample sites simultaneously. Results indicated that in general, a higher soil carbon stock was found in the black locust plantation forest than that in grassland throughout the hill slope. Meanwhile, significant differences in the soil carbon stock were observed between these two vegetation types in the upper slope at soil depth 0–10 cm and lower slope at soil depth 10–20 cm. The average daily values of the soil CO2 emissions were 1.27 μmol/(m2·s) and 1.39 μmol/(m2·s) for forest and grassland, respectively. The soil carbon flux in forest covered areas was higher in spring and less variation was detected between different seasons, while the highest carbon flux was found in grassland in summer, which was about three times higher than that in autumn and spring. From the carbon sequestration point of view, black locust plantation forest on hill slopes might be better than grassland because of a higher soil carbon stock and lower carbon flux.     

Responses of CH4 emissions to nitrogen addition and Spartina alterniflora invasion in Minjiang River estuary,southeast of China

The nitrogen （N） input and Spartina alterniflora invasion in the tidal marsh of the southeast of China are increasingly serious. To evaluate CH4 emissions in the tidal marsh as affected by the N inputs and S. alterniflora invasion, we measured CH4 emissions from plots with vegetated S. alterniflora and native Cyperus malaccensis, and fertilized with exogenous N at the rate of 0 （NO）, 21 （N1） and 42 （N2） g N/（m2.yr）, respectively, in the Shanyutan marsh in the Minjiang River estuary, the southeast of China. The average CH4 fluxes during the experiment in the C. malaccensis and S. alterniflora plots without N addition were 3.67 mg CHa/（m2.h） and 7.79 mg CH4/（m2-h）, respectively, suggesting that the invasion of S. alterniflora into the Minjiang River estuary stimulated CH4 emission. Exogenous N had positive effects on CH4 fluxes both in native and in invaded tidal marsh. The mean CH4 fluxes of NI and N2 treat- ments increased by 31.05% and 123.50% in the C. malaccensis marsh, and 63.88% and 7.55% in the S. alterniflora marsh, respectively, compared to that of NO treatment. The CH4 fluxes in the two marshes were positively correlated with temperature and pH, and nega- tively correlated with electrical conductivity and redox potential （Eh） at different N addition treatments. While the relationships between CH4 fluxes and environmental variables （especially soil temperature, pH and Eh at different depths） tended to decrease with N additions. Significant temporal variability in CH4 fluxes were observed as the N was gradually added to the native and invaded marshes. In order to better assess the global climatic role of tidal marshes as affected by N addition, much more attention should be paid to the short-term temporal variability in CH4 emission.     

青藏高原冷湿地生态系统CH4排放量估算

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau is estimated to be 0.133×10 6 km 2, suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands, Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18,12.96,-0.28 and 45.90 mg·m -2 ·d -1 , respectively, based on the transection studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station from July to August 1996. Average CH 4 flux in the thaw season was extrapolated to be 5.68 g·m -2 according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. CH 4 fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from -19.384 to 347.15 mg·m -2 ·d -1 , and the average CH 4 fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg·m -2 ·d -1 at each site from April to September 1997. CH 4 emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g·m -2 , displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH 4 fluxes were also observed at the four sites. It is found that CH 4 bursted in the early thaw season, and increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH 4 flux considerably. Annual CH 4 emissions from cold wetlands on the plateau were estimated at about 0.7～0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH 4 fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH 4 releasing are located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, and Zoige Peatlands.     

守护地球家园

2009年哥本哈根会议的召开使气候问题再次成为全球人们关注的焦点,低碳这个词也逐渐为人们所熟悉。如何发展低碳经济、倡导和实践低碳生活正被越来越多的人关注,也成为世界各国政府乃