Seismic demand models for probabilistic risk analysis of near fault vertical ground motion effects on ordinary highway bridges

The influence of vertical ground motions on the seismic response of highway bridges is not very well understood. Recent studies suggest that vertical ground motions can substantially increase force and moment demands on bridge columns and girders and cannot be overlooked in seismic design of bridge structures. For an evaluation of vertical ground motion effects on the response of single‐bent two‐span highway bridges, a systematic study combining the critical engineering demand parameters (EDPs) and ground motion intensity measures (IMs) is required. Results of a parametric study examining a range of highway bridge configurations subjected to selected sets of horizontal and vertical ground motions are used to determine the structural parameters that are significantly amplified by the vertical excitations. The amplification in these parameters is modeled using simple equations that are functions of horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations at the corresponding horizontal and vertical fundamental periods of the bridge. This paper describes the derivation of seismic demand models developed for typical highway overcrossings by incorporating critical EDPs and combined effects of horizontal and vertical ground motion IMs depending on the type of the parameter and the period of the structure. These models may be used individually as risk‐based design tools to determine the probability of exceeding the critical levels of EDP for pre‐determined levels of ground shaking or may be included explicitly in probabilistic seismic risk assessments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重大建设工程基本自振周期估算方法探讨

在对规范和文献资料的研究和分析的基础上,本文探讨了(超)高层建筑、巨型储油罐、大跨桥梁工程等重大建设工程基本自振周期的估算方法.在工程场地地震安全性评价工作中,可采用本文提供的重大建设工程基本自振周期估算的公式.同时,本文为长周期地震动对工程结构作用的相关参数的合理确定提供了依据.     

汶川大地震简支梁桥落梁震害与设计对策

总结了5.12汶川大地震中简支梁桥落梁震害及主要影响因素,发现除地震山体滑坡等地质灾害外,断层地表破裂、近断层地震动效应、桥台胸墙冲切破坏、防落梁构造措施单一及桥梁体型复杂等因素都是引起简支梁桥落梁震害的重要原因。提出了简支梁桥防落梁设计的基本理念及相关技术方案要点为允许墩梁间发生滑移,以降低桥墩承受的地震惯性力,以及盖梁提供允许的最大滑移长度及支座支承宽度,再辅助挡块或拉索限位器等共同防止落梁发生。最后结合现行规范,以拉索限位器为例给出了简支梁桥防落梁设计方法。     

基于GA-SVM封装算法的高光谱数据特征选择

封装型的特征选择算法相对于过滤算法而言更有助于提高分类精度,因此在当前计算技术及效率快速发展的背景下必将成为未来之趋势。本文以支持向量机(SVM)为分类器,遗传算法(GA)为特征子集的搜索算法,构建了封装型的特征选择算法GA-SVM,并用ENVI/IDL语言编程实现,最后以HYPERION高光谱数据为例对算法予以应用。结果表明,GA-SVM算法可从196个波段中选择出13个波段,同时分类精度较不做特征选择时提高了约4%。由此可见,GA-SVM封装型特征选择算法具有较好的同时优化特征子集和SVM核函数的性能,可为当前高光谱数据的特征选择提供一个较好的算法。     

基于H-B准则的公路桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则,推导了在微小转动下嵌岩段桩侧法向应力及水平摩阻力计算模型,采用静力平衡原理建立了水平荷载作用下公路桥梁桩基嵌岩深度的计算公式,提出了嵌岩深度计算的新方法。参数敏感性及影响因素分析表明： （1）水平荷载引起的力矩 、桩径d、岩层上覆压力 、岩石单轴抗压强度 、岩体类别参数 、岩体地质力学分类指标RMR均对嵌岩深度有一定影响,在 、d不变的情况下,岩体质量和岩石单轴抗压强度对嵌岩深度的确定最为敏感; （2）岩体质量越差,所需嵌岩深度越大;岩体质量越好,岩层上覆压力对嵌岩深度影响越小,反之越大。（3）嵌岩深度随岩石单轴抗压强度的提高呈非线性缓慢地减小,在相同的单轴抗压强度下,岩体质量越好,嵌岩深度越小,反之越大。     

非平稳地震激励下隔震曲线梁桥振动控制研究

曲线梁桥由于其平面不规则性导致结构在地震激励下产生弯扭耦合效应,使得隔震曲线梁桥的地震响应更加复杂。目前常用的控制方法是将隔震技术与附加减震装置相结合对曲线梁桥进行控制。本文将地震动考虑为一均匀调制非平稳随机过程,针对隔震曲线梁桥长周期、低频率的特点,选取Clough-Pension平稳地震动功率谱模型作为随机地震动输入模型,对无控(NON-C)、经典线性最优控制(COC)以及序列最优控制算法(SOC)三种状态下的曲线桥梁进行随机响应分析。通过建立曲线梁桥在随机地震动作用下的运动方程,求出减震控制结构的位移谱密度、加速度谱密度响应及时变方差。分析结果表明:序列最优控制算法(SOC)在使隔震层位移得到减小的同时,可以更有效地控制上部结构的地震响应,具有更好的控制效果。     

From A to B,randomly: a point-to-point random trajectory generator for animal movement

For applications in animal movement, we propose a random trajectory generator (RTG) algorithm that combines the concepts of random walks, space-time prisms, and the Brownian bridge movement model and is capable of efficiently generating random trajectories between a given origin and a destination point, with the least directional bias possible. Since we provide both a planar and a spherical version of the algorithm, it is suitable for simulating trajectories ranging from the local scale up to the (inter-)continental scale, as exemplified by the movement of migrating birds. The algorithm accounts for physical limitations, including maximum speed and maximum movement time, and provides the user with either single or multiple trajectories as a result. Single trajectories generated by the RTG algorithm can be used as a null model to test hypotheses about movement stimuli, while the multiple trajectories can be used to create a probability density surface akin to Brownian bridges.     

Planar rocking response and stability analysis of an array of free‐standing columns capped with a freely supported rigid beam

This paper investigates the planar rocking response of an array of free‐standing columns capped with a freely supported rigid beam in an effort to explain the appreciable seismic stability of ancient free‐standing columns that support heavy epistyles together with the even heavier frieze atop. Following a variational formulation, the paper concludes to the remarkable result that the dynamic rocking response of an array of free‐standing columns capped with a rigid beam is identical to the rocking response of a single free‐standing column with the same slenderness yet with larger size, that is a more stable configuration. Most importantly, the study shows that the heavier the freely supported cap beam is (epistyles with frieze atop), the more stable is the rocking frame regardless of the rise of the center of gravity of the cap beam, concluding that top‐heavy rocking frames are more stable than when they are top light. This ‘counter intuitive’ finding renders rocking isolation a most attractive alternative for the seismic protection of bridges with tall piers, whereas its potential implementation shall remove several of the concerns associated with the seismic connections of prefabricated bridges. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桥梁沉降观测布网方案浅析

从变形监测理论入手,结合多年实践经验介绍了桥梁监测中涉及的一些基本概念,包括桥梁监测中基准点,工作基点和变形观测点介绍、监测网的布设原则、一般网形示例介绍、引起桥梁不均匀沉降的原因以及监测网点位置安排等内容。     

城市高架桥合理抗震体系选择与经济性对比

探讨了基于两水准设防的城市高架桥的合理抗震设防标准与相应的结构性能目标.选取两座典型的城市高架桥结构,包括一座正线桥和一座匝道桥,分别采用延性抗震体系和减、隔震体系进行结构抗震设计.对比了不同结构抗震体系所对应的结构在各水准地震作用下具体抗震性能表现,结果表明减、隔震体系具有更优的抗震性能.在此基础上,进一步从经济性的...