南华北盆地青白口系—侏罗系层序界面时空分布特征研究

以位于秦岭—大别造山带之北、华北陆块南部、地跨华北陆块稳定块体、陆块南部边缘变形带的南华北盆地为研究对象,通过对研究区42条不同时代的野外剖面详细观测,运用层序地层学理论,把南华北盆地作为一个整体系统,对青白口系—侏罗系层序界面特征及时空分布规律进行了系统分析,共识别出了8种类型层序界面的物质表现形式,分别是不整合面、渣状层、古喀斯特作用面、冲刷侵蚀面、超覆面、岩性岩相转换面、最大海泛面、最大湖泛面。并重点讨论了各类型界面的时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间演化上,从早到晚由海相—海陆过渡相—陆相,层序界面经历了海相沉积不整合、古喀斯特作用面、渣状层到陆相不整合面、冲刷侵蚀面等;在空间上,同一层序界面在不同相带表现形式不同,同一种类型的界面可在不同相带出现,但不同相带表现特征有一定差异性。     

辽东大连金石滩新元古代碳酸盐岩臼齿构造形态及其沉积环境指示意义

辽东大连金石滩新元古代兴民村组上部灰岩段发育了一系列形态复杂多样的臼齿构造(Molar-tooth struc-ture,简称MT)。通过野外及室内综合研究鉴别出条带状、短直杆状、蠕虫状、细丝状、圆斑状(气泡状、瘤状)和碎屑状6种主要类型,其中以条带状最为发育。MT发育段主要由含砂屑或粉屑灰岩、泥晶灰岩、纹层状泥晶灰岩和含泥泥晶灰岩的韵律组成,系多个向上沉积动力减弱、水体变浅的潮下-潮间带沉积旋回序列。兴民村组MT发育的沉积环境具有一定水深和频繁波动的水动力特点,MT形态受宿主岩石性质的影响和控制。MT主要发育在浅潮下带-潮间带下部沉积微相。不同形态的MT及其组合分别宿主于不同的沉积岩相或沉积韵律,表现了MT形态的指相意义。     

Palaeoenvironments and weathering regime of the Neoproterozoic Squantum ‘Tillite’, Boston Basin: no evidence of a snowball Earth

The snowball Earth hypothesis describes episodes of Neoproterozoic global glaciations, when ice sheets reached sea‐level, the ocean froze to great depth and biota were decimated, accompanied by a complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle. Recent studies of sedimentary successions and Earth systems modelling, however, have brought the hypothesis under considerable debate. The Squantum ‘Tillite’ (Boston Basin, USA), is one of the best constrained snowball Earth successions with respect to age and palaeogeography, and it is suitable to test the hypothesis for the Gaskiers glaciation. The approach used here was to assess the palaeoenvironmental conditions at the type locality of the Squantum Member through an analysis of sedimentary facies and weathering regime (chemical index of alteration). The stratigraphic succession with a total thickness of ca 330 m documents both glacial and non‐glacial depositional environments with a cool‐temperate glacial to temperate non‐glacial climate weathering regime. The base of the succession is composed of thin diamictites and mudstones that carry evidence of sedimentation from floating glacial ice, interbedded with inner shelf sandstones and mudstones. Thicker diamictites interbedded with thin sandstones mark the onset of gravity flow activity, followed by graded sandstones documenting channellized mass gravity flow events. An upward decrease in terrigenous supply is evident, culminating in deep‐water mudstones with a non‐glacial chemical weathering signal. Renewed terrigenous supply and iceberg sedimentation is evident at the top of the succession, beyond which exposure is lost. The glacially influenced sedimentary facies at Squantum Head are more consistent with meltwater dominated alpine glaciation or small local ice caps. The chemical index of alteration values of 61 to 75 for the non‐volcanic rocks requires significant exposure of land surfaces to allow chemical weathering. Therefore, extreme snowball Earth conditions with a complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle do not seem to apply to the Gaskiers glaciation.     

Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy

Chemostratigraphy has diverse applications to investigating the rock record, such as reconstructing paleoenvironments, determining the tectonic setting of sedimentary basins, indirect dating, and establishing regional or global correlations. Chemostratigraphy is thus an integral component of many investigations of the ancient sedimentary record. In this contribution, we review the principle inorganic geochemical methods that have been applied to the Neoproterozoic sedimentary record. Analysis of the traditional stable and radiogenic isotope systems, such as δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, is routine, particularly in successions rich in carbonate. These mainstay applications have yielded invaluable data and information bearing on the chronology and evolution of this eventful era in Earth history. Alongside the growing database of traditional data, a series of novel geochemical techniques have given rise to important new models and constraints on Neoproterozoic biogeochemical change. In particular, a range of proxies for water column redox, mainly obtained from black shales, have shed light on the pace and tempo of Neoproterozoic oxygenation and its link to the appearance of early animal evolution. Increased integration of diverse geochemical, sedimentological, and paleontological datasets, and the gradual radiometric calibration of the stratigraphic record promise to bring the details of the evolution of the Neoproterozoic Earth system into ever greater focus.     

Chemostratigraphy of the Tamengo Formation (Corumbá Group,Brazil): A contribution to the calibration of the Ediacaran carbon-isotope curve

The Corumbá Group, cropping out in the southern Paraguay Belt in Brazil, is one of the most complete Ediacaran sedimentary archives of palaeogeographic, climatic, biogeochemical and biotic evolution in southwestern Gondwana. The unit hosts a rich fossil record, including acritarchs, vendotaenids (Vendotaenia, Eoholynia), soft-bodied metazoans (Corumbella) and skeletal fossils (Cloudina, Titanotheca). The Tamengo Formation, made up mainly of limestones and marls, provides a rich bio- and chemostratigraphic record. Several outcrops, formerly assigned to the Cuiabá Group, are here included in the Tamengo Formation on the basis of lithological and chemostratigraphical criteria. High-resolution carbon isotopic analyses are reported for the Tamengo Formation, showing (from base to top): (1) a positive δ¹³C excursion to +4‰ PDB above post-glacial negative values, (2) a negative excursion to −3.5‰ associated with a marked regression and subsequent transgression, (3) a positive excursion to +5.5‰, and (4) a plateau characterized by δ¹³C around +3‰. A U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age of an ash bed interbedded in the upper part of the δ¹³C positive plateau yielded 543 ± 3 Ma, which is considered as the depositional age ( Babinski et al., 2008a). The positive plateau in the upper Tamengo Formation and the preceding positive excursion are ubiquitous features in several successions worldwide, including the Nama Group (Namibia), the Dengying Formation (South China) and the Nafun and Ara groups (Oman). This plateau is constrained between 542 and 551 Ma, thus consistent with the age of the upper Tamengo Formation. The negative excursion of the lower Tamengo Formation may be correlated to the Shuram–Wonoka negative anomaly, although δ¹³C values do not fall beyond −3.5‰ in the Brazilian sections. Sedimentary breccias occur just beneath this negative excursion in the lower Tamengo Formation. One possible interpretation of the origin of these breccias is a glacioeustatic sea-level fall, but a tectonic interpretation cannot be completely ruled out.     

Contribution of SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology to unravelling the evolution of Brazilian Neoproterozoic fold belts

The South-American continent is constituted of three major geologic–geotectonic entities: the homonym platform (consolidated at the end of the Cambrian), the Andean chain (essentially Meso-Cenozoic) and the Patagonian terrains, affected by tectonism and magmatism through almost all of the Phanerozoic. The platform is constituted by a series of cratonic nuclei (pre-Tonian, fragments of the Rodinia fission) surrounded by a complex fabric of Neoproterozoic structural provinces.     

丹凤地区秦岭岩群片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄:北秦岭地体中-新元古代岩浆作用和早古生代变质作用的记录

秦岭岩群被认为是出露于北秦岭地体内最古老的前寒武纪基底岩石,记录了北秦岭造山带的地壳形成和演化历史。本文报道丹凤-西峡地区五件秦岭岩群片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄结果,限定其形成和变质时代,探讨北秦岭地体的构造归属。定年结果表明,岩浆成因锆石颗粒的年龄集中在1400～1600Ma左右和850～950Ma左右,记录两期主要岩浆活动。6粒锆石具有变质成因特征,低Th/U比值(0.03),206Pb/238U年龄变化在510～465Ma之间,加权平均值477±18Ma。这一古生代变质叠加时代与北秦岭地体南北缘高压变质作用时代基本一致,说明秦岭岩群遭受到北秦岭造山带俯冲-碰撞造山过程的变质作用。秦岭岩群主要形成于中元古代晚期至新元古代早期,基底岩石缺乏早元古代和太古代岩浆活动的记录。在岩浆作用时代上,北秦岭地体与广泛发育新元古代中-晚期岩浆作用的扬子陆块北缘有差别,也不同于晚太古代-早元古代的华北陆块南缘,可能是中-新元古代形成的独立微陆块。     

江南造山带北缘鄣公山地区新元古代地层构造变形特征及其动力学机制

鄣公山地区位处皖赣交界地带,区内广泛分布一套浅变质的陆缘细碎屑岩为主含少量火山物质的复理石建造体,大量高精度同位素测年数据显示,该浅变质地层形成于820～840Ma新元古代。经系统野外调查,在该地层中首次解析出5期褶皱变形,其中F1以原始层理(S0)为形变面形成的紧闭同斜、平卧等形态的露头尺度级片内无根褶皱;F2以早期构造面理(S1∥S0)为形变面的轴向近东西向开阔斜歪及同斜褶皱;F3属与大规模逆冲推覆构造相关的紧闭同斜或斜歪褶皱;F4为与燕山期花岗质岩浆热隆升有关的轴面北倾的透入性不对称紧闭下滑褶皱群;F5为分布于区域脆性平移走滑断裂带附近的倾竖褶皱,上述褶皱分别对应不同的构造变形旋回。本文重点阐述褶皱变形的几何学、叠加样式、变形序次、运动学特征,并对变形机制及大陆动力学等进行分析。     

山西芮城水峪地区罗圈组海侵沉积物

华北陆块南缘、西南缘广泛分布的罗圈组及其相应地层多被认为是新元古代末期冰川沉积。山西南部芮城水峪剖面位于华北南缘罗圈组出露范围的最北端,罗圈组受下伏蓟县系龙家园组白云岩风化面形态控制,横向岩性变化剧烈,分别由准原地堆积的风化角砾岩、紫红色含砾泥岩及一套特殊的"含砾砂质鲕粒白云岩"组成,均为温暖气候下海侵或海侵改造产物,与冰川作用无关。"含砾砂质鲕粒白云岩"在华北南缘罗圈组中尚属首次发现,具有明显的指相意义。该地区罗圈组海侵沉积物的存在,可能表明华北南缘罗圈组在各地区存在沉积环境乃至地层时代的巨大差异,不能简单以某一冰期的"冰碛岩"笼统看待。     

塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格地区新元古代冰碛岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄新证据

塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格地区新元古代冰碛岩剖面是目前世界各大陆中唯一发育有4套新元古代冰碛岩和多期火成岩事件的剖面。近年来,“雪球事件”的提出为全球新元古代冰碛岩的研究注入了新的活力,各国地质学家根据新元古代冰碛岩在全球各大洲发育的特点、同位素年龄和C/O、Sr同位素在新元古界划分出4个冰期。因此,新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古界发育的4套冰碛岩的沉积特征、沉积环境和年代地层学研究的进展始终为各国地质学家所注目。本次获得的库鲁克塔格地区特瑞爱肯组的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb新年龄,为完善库鲁克塔格地区新元古代冰碛岩的年代地层学提供了新的证据。