Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration: trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type

Over 700 apatite grains from a range of rock types have been analysed by laser-ablation microprobe ICPMS for 28 trace elements, to investigate the potential usefulness of apatite as an indicator mineral in mineral exploration. Apatites derived from different rock types have distinctive absolute and relative abundances of many trace elements (including rare-earth elements (REE), Sr, Y, Mn, Th), and chondrite-normalised trace-element patterns. The slope of chondrite-normalised REE patterns varies systematically from ultramafic through mafic/intermediate to highly fractionated granitoid rock types. (Ce/Yb)_cn is very high in apatites from carbonatites and mantle-derived lherzolites (over 100 and over 200, respectively), while (Ce/Yb)_cn values in apatites from granitic pegmatites are generally less than 1, reflecting both HREE enrichment and LREE depletion. Within a large suite of apatites from granitoid rocks, chemical composition is closely related to both the degree of fractionation and the oxidation state of the magma, two important parameters in determining the mineral potential of the magmatic system. Apatite can accept high levels of transition and chalcophile elements and As, making it feasible to recognise apatite associated with specific types of mineralisation. Multivariate statistical analysis has provided a user-friendly scheme to distinguish apatites from different rock types, based on contents of Sr, Y, Mn and total REE, the degree of LREE enrichment and the size of the Eu anomaly. The scheme can be used for the recognition of apatites from specific rock types or styles of mineralisation, so that the provenance of apatite grains in heavy mineral concentrates can be determined and used in geochemical exploration.     

沂沭断裂带早白垩世晚期伸展的低温年代学证据

沂沭断裂带(郯庐断裂带山东段)由4条断裂组成,其西部的两条分别称鄌郚—葛沟断裂和沂水—汤头断裂。横跨这两条断裂及夹持的中生代盆地,分别获得6个磷灰石裂变径迹数据,年龄分布在102~82Ma,封闭径迹长度集中在13.0~14.0μm。数据反演结果显示:隆起区在距今105~100Ma及约距今85Ma时有过两次快速冷却事件;这两条断裂所夹持的断陷区经历过快速沉降,达到最大古地温后,在距今85~60Ma快速抬升。结合区域地质背景资料,以及在沂沭断裂带附近南北向玄武岩脉及北西向断层的断层泥K-Ar年龄数据综合分析,认为沂沭断裂带在早白垩世晚期经历以伸展为主的左行张剪活动。     

台风“麦莎”路径东折分析及NWP产品检验

本文利用气象常规资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和数值预报产品（NWP）资料对0509台风“麦莎”路径两次明显东折（7日11时和8日23时）的原因进行了分析，并对NWP产品对麦莎路径的预报结果进行了检验。结果表明：麦莎路径主要受西太平洋副热带高压（副高，下同）与西风带环流的影响，两次明显东折与西风带环流的经、纬向调整及副高由块状变为带状有关；“副高南落”指标和广义李雅普诺夫稳定度判据中J22的符号分别对应了麦莎的两次明显东折；麦莎中心气压和风力变化与台风的两次明显东折有很好的对应关系。另外，T213资料的涡度和位温预报场对台风的两次明显东折有一定的指示意义。NWP产品24h内对台风路径的预报效果较好，但对台风的第二次东折预报较差。     

Thermochronology of the Yidun Arc, central eastern Tibetan Plateau: constraints from Ar/Ar K-feldspar and apatite fission track data

Four K-feldspar samples from the Yidun Arc, eastern Tibetan Plateau, were analysed by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method with the aim of recovering information on their thermal history using multiple diffusion domain (MDD) theory. Arrhenius plots for each of the samples reveal low retentivity early in the heating experiments, a property that is attributed to their recrystallised nature. This low argon retentivity appears to violate the MDD assumption that volume diffusion is the only mechanism for argon transport within the crystals, thus the thermal histories derived from these analyses are considered suspect. Nevertheless, the age spectra themselves suggest that the majority of samples had cooled below 200 °C prior to the Eocene collision of India with Asia. Thermal history modelling from apatite fission track analyses from the same and nearby samples shows slow cooling through the apatite fission track partial annealing zone during the Cenozoic in samples from the high elevation, low relief areas of the Yidun Arc, while samples from the major Jinsha River valley show rapid cooling through the partial annealing zone beginning in the Miocene. These results suggest that significant Cenozoic denudation has been localised and that most parts of the Yidun Arc have experienced very little denudation during the Cenozoic.     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘热历史

磷灰石裂变径迹在地质时期对60～150℃范围内温度变化的热敏感性 ,不仅使其成为研究盆地构造热演化史和区域构造运动的重要手段 ,而且对指导油气勘探有很大的实践意义。本文根据AFTA① 的有关原理 ,退火特性 ,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶、二叠、三叠、侏罗、白垩、第三纪等不同时代地层样品开展了较为系统的AFT测试 ,获得了一批可靠的AFTA数据 ,论述了鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的主要构造热事件的次数 ,及该区中生代以来的构造热演化史。研究表明 :自中生代以来 ,该盆地西缘至少经历了四次构造热事件(峰值年龄分别为170Ma±、130Ma±、和75Ma±和17Ma±)。     

秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带白垩纪以来的抬升冷却史——低温年代学数据约束

总计100个新的磷灰石裂变径迹数据提供了从整体上探讨晚中生代以来抬升冷却史的年代学数据。这些切过东秦岭至黄陵背斜、穿过桐柏至扬子前陆冲断带以及大别和苏鲁超高压变质岩带,南秦岭的裂变径迹年龄与扬子内的黄陵背斜相似,而北秦岭则与桐柏-大别-苏鲁相当。从北秦岭到大别,裂变径迹年龄趋于减小,但过郯庐断裂到苏鲁则略有增加。与我国西部造山带裂变径迹年龄格局相较,桐柏-大别-苏鲁带与西部各造山带显然不是处于同一挤压变形体制下。相对于超高压岩石早期快速的阶段性抬升,即岩浆活动期(～120Ma)后的抬升要和缓得多;相对于其它地质单元,扬子前陆冲断带、黄陵背斜和南秦岭在岩浆活动期后即抬升冷却到了磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度(～110℃)对应的深度。基于裂变径迹数据和相关Ar/Ar 和 K-Ar 数据进行的冷却史模拟结果显示:全区均表现为相似的三阶段冷却过程:(1)白垩纪早期开始快速抬升至磷灰石裂变径迹退火带的冷却阶段;(2)随后的处于部分退火带的缓慢冷却阶段;(3)上新世以来的加速抬升过程。现今的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄格局基本上受控于白垩纪的快速抬升冷却事件,但最后为晚期活动断裂所定格。     

古温标重建沉积盆地热史的能力探讨

通过对理论热史模型的正反演计算,对现今沉积盆地热史研究中两类常用的古温 标镜质体反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹在恢复盆地热史方面的能力进行了探讨．结果表明两类 古温标都不能可靠地反映整个受热过程,镜质体反射率只能恢复样品经历的最高古地温,磷 灰石裂变径迹可以重建近期降温过程,两类古温标存在互补性．同时指出这一结果是由古温 标本身的成熟演化机制决定的．在实际应用时,必须密切结合研究区的构造演化,联合多种 方法和手段,才有可能使热史分析结果符合客观实际．     

粗差定位定值法在高速铁路轨道控制网测量中的应用

将LEGE粗差探测方法运用于轨道控制网(CPⅢ)测量数据处理中,结果表明该方法对轨道控制网粗差定位与定值非常有效,并得出了相应结论.     

新生代渭河盆地沉积-构造迁移与渭北隆起及东秦岭耦合关系探讨

渭河盆地、渭北隆起及东秦岭造山带地处青藏块体东北缘、华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的交界处,形成了特有的盆山体系,分布有油气、氦气及地热等多种能源矿产资源。新生代是渭河盆地沉积-构造演化及渭北隆起和东秦岭隆升的重要时期,缺乏该时期盆山体系耦合关系的研究,制约了对区域矿产资源分布规律的认识。盆山耦合体现在时间、空间、物质、构造作用及地表形态等多方面。以大量钻孔资料为依托,运用“回剥法”分析了渭河盆地新生代的沉降幅度及沉降速率,并根据主沉降期新近纪以来不同阶段沉积地层厚度展布特征恢复了盆地沉积演化历史。研究表明渭河盆地新生代以来沉降中心具有自西南方向西安凹陷向北东方向固市凹陷迁移的特征。古近纪始新世以来,渭河盆地发生快速构造沉降,中新世早-中期以西安凹陷为主要沉积、沉降中心,晚中新世以来以西安、固市两个凹陷为主要沉积、沉降中心,晚上新世-早更新世沉降中心转移到东北部固市凹陷,晚更新世以来,西安凹陷和固市凹陷均发生快速沉降。裂变径迹的分析测试结果表明渭北隆起约45～32 Ma整体快速抬升,同步于东秦岭太白山和华山约57～40 Ma的快速隆升阶段,与渭河盆地古近纪始新世约40 Ma的基底快速沉降具有耦合关系。晚中新世约7.3 Ma以来,渭河盆地的持续快速沉降,与渭北隆起上新世约5 Ma及东秦岭太白山约10～9.6 Ma、华山约8～5 Ma以来的快速耦合关系明显。太平洋板块的俯冲、欧亚板块与印度板块始新世约55～45 Ma碰撞及青藏高原约10～8 Ma隆升外扩的远程效应对研究区影响较大。