Two-dimensional scattering of in-plane body waves due to a discontinuity in bedrock

The direct boundary integral equation technique is used to study in-plane surface amplification of in-plane seismic body waves for the case of an inhomogeneity in a bedrock half-space. In the studied soil configuration, a soil layer rests on a rock half-space which includes a rock inclusion. The rock inclusion considered is a semi-infinite horizontal rock layer in which its upper boundary borders the soil layer. Materials in the soil–rock configuration are considered viscoelastic except for the section of the rock half-space below the level of the rock inclusion which is considered elastic. A parametric study is performed to determine controlling factors for surface displacement due to in-plane body waves. The study investigates varying the stiffness and the thickness of the rock inclusion for a range of frequencies and wave incidence angles. Anti-plane waves for this type of soil-rock configuration have been addressed in a previous article by Heymsfield (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn. 28 : 841–855 (1999)). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modelling for clays with internal discontinuity surfaces

A numerical model capable of performing deformation analysis of a medium containing discontinuity surfaces is presented. The discontinuity can be either a crack, which can be open or closed, or a shear band. The model consists of two separate numerical algorithms, which are coupled together by means of the principle of superposition. In particular, an integral equation scheme based on the theory of dislocations is adopted for modelling the discontinuity, while a finite element discretization is used for the continuous medium. In this paper the discontinuity modelling is illustrated in detail, together with the specific formulation of the principle of superposition adopted, and some simple examples of application are presented. The well-known modelling approach based on Fracture Mechanics theory is also briefly discussed. The two models are compared and some advantages and drawbacks of each are pointed out, comments are made regarding their applicability in the specific case of soil mechanics, and conclusions are drawn as regards the conditions under which one or the other is appropriate. Finally, a full-scale example of deformation analysis using the proposed model is presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北东部复杂的660km相变界面

利用华北固定台网的宽频带地震远震记录波形资料,提取P波接收函数,通过偏移成像和共转换点叠加,得到华北地区东部地幔过渡带深度及厚度的图像.研究结果显示,地幔过渡带上界面(410km间断面)深度起伏变化不大;在华北地区东部,存在较厚的地幔过渡带,地幔过渡带下界面(660km间断面)在660km深度附近出现两个不同的界面.造成地幔过渡带增厚并出现两个深度不同的界面的原因可能是存在橄榄岩以外的地幔物质相变,该物质相变拥有与橄榄岩向钙钛矿转变不同的克拉伯龙斜率,太平洋俯冲板块的低温造成两种不同的相变界面发生不同程度的改变.双重660km间断面的范围存在向北西方向延伸的趋势并且向南至少延伸到30°N.本文的结果可为古西太平洋板块向华北俯冲前缘位置的研究提供约束.     

Apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD) depth as a relative measure of sediment oxygen content and habitat quality

As hypoxic conditions spread in our oceans, indices that quickly and efficiently assess oxygen content in sediment pore water, and habitat quality are increasingly becoming desirable. Depth to the appa...     

黏弹性节理岩体的位移不连续模型研究

选用三参数标准线性固体作为岩石本构,提出了一种考虑岩体黏弹性的位移不连续模型;根据一维黏弹性波的特征线法,推导了节理处质点速度、应力和应变递推公式。首先,基于分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对砂层进行试验,得到其应力-应变关系,并换算出砂层节理的法向刚度;接着,通过一维强间断黏弹性波的波速公式、高频波衰减系数以及任一频率下的衰减系数,确定出数值算法中的三参数。最后,基于自制的摆锤装置,探讨了一维应力波在节理岩体中的传播规律,试验中以两根长1 000 mm、直径为68.50 m的岩杆作为入射和透射杆,以3 mm砂层模拟节理。试验和数值结果吻合度良好,进一步验证了该方法的可靠性。     

帕米尔东北缘地壳结构的P波接收函数研究

利用位于新疆帕米尔东北缘地带12个固定数字地震台和天山动力学Ⅱ期10个流动宽频带数字地震台记录的高质量远震波形数据,应用接收函数H_-κ叠加方法研究了帕米尔东北缘的地壳厚度-泊松比特征和部分台站下方的壳内界面深度.研究发现:(1) 帕米尔东北缘的Moho面起伏变化剧烈,其总体分布呈现东薄西厚、南厚北薄的特征,由塔里木盆地向天山延伸,地壳厚度约从45 km加深到55 km,从塔里木盆地向西昆仑山延伸,地壳厚度约从45 km加深到69 km;(2)沿着天山动力学Ⅱ期剖面,位于塔里木盆地北缘台站的壳内间断面的深度约为13~16 km,向北进入天山南麓加深到20 km左右,继续向北进入南天山山区壳内间断面不明显,可能暗示塔里木盆地基底向北俯冲,俯冲距离可能到达南天山的山前;(3)研究区地壳泊松比变化复杂(约从0.20到0.31),显示地壳物质组成的复杂性和显著的不均匀构造;(4)整个研究区的地壳厚度和泊松比之间没有明显的相关性,但天山动力学Ⅱ期剖面的结果表明,从塔里木盆地北缘到西南天山,地壳厚度和泊松比之间存在反相关关系,意味着天山地壳的增厚可能主要是通过以长英质岩石为主要组成成分的上地壳叠置而成;(5) 研究区全部地震台地壳厚度与海拔高程的线性回归方程表明地壳厚度与海拔的相关性相对较弱(相关系数为0.66),天山动力学Ⅱ期10个台站的地壳厚度与海拔具有很好的相关性(相关系数为0.85),可能表明沿该剖面地壳整体上处于相对均衡的状态.     

基于P波三重震相的下扬子克拉通地幔转换带顶部低速层初探

本文基于中国地震观测台网记录到的震中距为10°~23°之间琉球俯冲区一个中深源地震的P波三重震相信息,研究了下扬子克拉通转换带顶部P波速度结构.通过射线追踪和理论地震图与观测地震波形的对比,发现下扬子克拉通下方的410 km间断面为一厚度20 km的梯度带,其上存在一由西南向东北变厚的低速层,厚度变化40~57 km,P波速度减低2.7%~4.5%.该低速层可以被认为是由于地幔橄榄岩部分熔融引起的.     

基于格网的洪水灾害危险性评价分析——以巴基斯坦为例

洪水灾害已成为给当今人类带来严重损失的自然灾害之一,因此,灾害风险评价是区域经济持续发展的前提与条件。本文从致灾因子和孕灾环境两方面进行分析,综合考虑降水(累计降雨量和最大降雨量)、河流(河网密度)、地形(高程值和坡度值)、土地利用和植被(NDVI)共5种相关因子,以1km格网数据为基础,运用AHP(层次分析法)对巴基斯坦洪水灾害进行了危险性评价。结果表明:巴基斯坦洪水灾害危险性受降雨和地形的影响较大,其危险程度东南部大于西北部,并由东南部向西北部逐渐递减。     

强震人员损失回归预测方法

在回顾近年对地震人员损失预测的研究工作的基础上,根据USGS的PAGER系统中地震人员损失回归模型,利用发生在1970-2008年间的128条地震现场调查灾害记录建立了我国东、西部区域适用的地震人员损失预测模型;并利用发生在1980-2007年间的234条地震损失记录建立了地震人员重伤数与人员死亡数的回归关系;最后利用模型对2008年四川汶川地震的人员损失进行评估计算,得到了与实际震害损失相接近的评估结果。