基于HJ-1号卫星数据灌区小麦提取应用研究

及时准确获取灌区小麦分布和面积,可以为流域水量调度、抗旱减灾提供数据支持。本文利用多时相HJ-1号卫星数据分析人民胜利渠灌区小麦生长期影像特征,研究灌区小麦快速提取方法。研究结果表明,利用灌区小麦越冬前多时相HJ-1号卫星影像NDVI数据进行小麦提取,能够准确获取小麦分布和面积信息,精度达到90%以上。     

山区雨水利用现状分析

通过对山区雨水利用现状的分析,指出当前我国山区雨水利用过程中存在的问题,阐述了在山区开展雨水利用的必要性。通过新密市集雨自压节灌工程实例,证明集雨工程具有投资少、见效快、效益大等特点,可有效解决制约山区经济发展的瓶颈。     

Analysis of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in shallow aquifers: A case study from West Aceh,Indonesia

The aim of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality in shallow aquifers from West Aceh, Sumatra, for irrigation uses. Groundwater samples have been collected from 32 stations for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium percentage (per cent Na) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) analysis. Evaluation of water quality for irrigation using the United States Salinity Laboratory classifications suggests that the majority of the groundwater samples are good for irrigation. The crop tolerance of irrigation water salinity, as based on EC value, showed that paddy (rice), soybeans and sweet tomatoes are suitable for agricultural cultivation, but that corn and field beans are not suitable. Results indicate that, if used for agricultural irrigation, the groundwater quality ranges from excellent to good, except for a few locations (e.g. Meureubo sub‐district) which indicate signs of deterioration.     

沙地节水渗灌自动控制系统的研制

文章介绍了一种沙地节水渗灌自动控制系统装置,主要叙述了渗灌装置的结构组成与连接方法,以及系统的软、硬件组成与仪器功能指标,整个系统设计简洁,成本低,可靠性好,能自动监测沙地水分上下限和渗坛水位上下限,根据所需信息系统自动向管道供水,大幅度减轻操作人员的劳动强度。采用微机技术有利于农业现代化管理,是我国节水渗灌农业值得推广的自动化控制系统     

常德地区洪涝灾害加剧原因分析

利用沅水、澧水流域近５０年气象、水文、地理等方面的资料,分析了常德地区洪涝灾害的时空分布,着重探讨了９０年代洪涝灾害加剧的原因。     

Crop evapotranspiration in the Nile Delta under different irrigation methods

Eddy correlation measurements within the Nile Delta allowed the determination of evapotranspiration (E) for seven crops (rice, maize, cotton, sugar beet, berseem, wheat and fava beans) using basin irrigation (BI), furrow irrigation (FI), BI with increased intervals (BI_i), FI with increased intervals (FI_i), strip irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (DI). Total E values over the cropping season for rice (BI, BI_i) were the highest (>600 mm), while those for sugar beet (DI), maize (SI and DI) and berseem (BI_i) were the lowest (<250 mm). The differences were due to a combination of atmospheric demand, soil moisture, the presence of surface standing water, root depth, and the length and timing of the cropping season. The DI and SI methods had the advantage for water saving, while the FI_i and BI_i methods were effective for crops with shallow root lengths. Estimated annual E was 566–828 mm/year (water-saving irrigation) and 875–1225 mm/year (conventional irrigation).     

甘肃陇中黄土高原农业灌溉耗水系数监测试验研究

选择甘肃省临洮县洮惠渠灌区为试验研究区,通过直接观读、自动监测等技术手段,获取试验灌区的引水量、退水量、土壤墒情、降水量及蒸发量等水文基础数据。以水文监测基础数据为依据,采用引排差法、水分平衡法等相结合的方法,开展了农业灌溉耗水系数试验研究。初步试验结果表明:试验灌区灌溉期平均耗水系数为0. 730,典型地块灌溉期平均耗水系数为0. 671,2016年试验灌区降水量较常年偏少13. 0%~26. 3%,总体上属轻度干旱年份。该研究成果可为甘肃陇中黄土高原区水资源管理提供技术支撑。     

New technologies and systems for high quality citrus fruit production,labor-saving and orchard construction in mountain areas of Japan

Novel technologies have been necessary for improving fruit quality and productivity of citrus,labor-saving and orchard conservation on steep slope lands since aging of growers and decrease in the number of successors is remarkable in mountain areas of southwestern Japan. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new technologies for improving citrus production that have been developed in recent years. A new fruit quality control system using drip irrigation and liquid fertilization technique combined with year-round plastic mulching was developed, and it enables high quality and stable citrus fruit production. Water and/or nutrient solution is automatically supplied through drip tubes that are laid under the mulching sheets to give adequate water stress, so as to improve sugar and acid content of fruit. A new transportation system for steep sloping citrus orchards, which is a combination of the monorail system and contour narrow paths, was suggested. A small walking cultivator was developed to explain the procedure of narrow path excavation. After introducing the narrow path, working hours for fertilizer and chemicalherbicide application were reduced. Disasterpr evention mapping of citrus orchards on slope landswas developed based on computer-aided seepage estimation and topographic data. The mapping can show zones of both ascending flow and descendingflow of underground water during heavy rains incitrus orchards. The mapping is considered to be effective for the management of orchards andprevention of erosion on slope lands.     

灌区渠系特征与灌溉水利用系数的Horton分维

灌区渠系和自然河流水系存在着诸多相似之处,因此,对于灌区渠系体系是否存在及在何种程度下满足Horton 河系定律值得研究。以2010 年广东省53 宗样点灌区为研究对象,分类进行了适用性分析,发现只有四级渠系类灌区满足Horton 河系定律。在此基础上计算了各级渠系类灌区的渠系特征参数和分维值,并利用2007-2011 年实测数据,对其与灌溉水有效利用系数之间的作用关系进行了定性和定量分析,结果表明：渠系工程状况参数（0.1084） >下垫面参数（-0.3554） >渠系结构参数（-0.5189） >面积尺度参数（-0.5392） >渠系分维特征参数（-0.5536）。本研究对于定量表征灌区形态和渠系特征对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响提供了新的途径,研究结果对于指导灌区渠系规划建设,提高用水效率具有积极现实意义。     

小麦水分生产函数及其效益的研究

我国北方地区水资源短缺,有限的降水不足以满足小麦生长所需的水量,为了避免因缺水造成的减产,需要实施灌溉以补充水分。本文讨论了灌水与小麦产量的关系,并以小麦田间试验数据为基础,采用最小二乘法原理,拟合了小麦的水分生产函数模型,通过耗水资料的分析整理,揭示了小麦的水分效应及需水规律。对典型灌溉制度下小麦水分生产函数的分析表明,水资源投入的最佳效益点并非水分利用效率的最高点和产量最高点,小麦灌水效益最佳点的确定原则为边际收益等于边际成本,合理利用小麦灌溉生产函数及其规律,可以实现小麦节水、高产、高效的较好统一。