陕西省黄河流域典型灌区地表耗水系数监测试验研究

选取陕西省洛惠渠洛东自流灌区,东雷高抽引黄河水灌区进行监测分析地表水耗水系数,结论是:洛东灌区明渠耗水系数为0.825,东雷抽黄一期塬上接近1,东雷二期为0.91,东雷灌区一、二期耗水系数为0.927;按灌溉面积加权推算,陕西省黄河流域灌区有效面积计算的综合耗水系数为0.862,实灌面积计算的综合耗水系数为0.868;结合通过地下水回归河道,则洛东灌区耗水系数为0.769,陕西省黄河流域灌区有效面积计算的综合地表水耗水系数为0.825,实灌面积计算的综合地表水耗水系数为0.834。     

灌溉水文学及其研究进展

由于灌区下垫面性质的空间变异性和人类活动对水分循环的影响,灌区呈现出与自然流域不同的水文特征。在不同尺度水文特征的研究中,人们注意到灌溉排水与水文学的联系,并提出了灌溉水文学的概念。近年来,灌溉对灌区水文的影响及节水灌溉的尺度效应等研究,逐渐丰富了灌溉水文学的研究内容,灌溉水文学研究的重要性日渐突出。本文在分析灌区水文现象、水分循环及灌溉对灌区水分循环影响的基础上,阐述了不同学者对灌溉水文学概念的理解,在总结国内外灌溉水文学及相关领域研究进展的基础上,提出了灌溉水文的研究重点及其发展趋势。并提出,灌区水文观测和灌区信息的准确获取是灌溉水文学的研究基础,针对灌区特点而开发的数值模拟和灌区分布式水文模型是主要研究手段,尺度效应和尺度转换是研究的难点。     

祁连山葫芦沟流域高山寒漠带非冻结期水文特征

高山寒漠带是我国内陆河山区和我国多数大江、大河源头的主产流区之一. 由于缺乏系统观测数据及相关研究的支撑,当前国内外研究较为匮乏,高山寒漠带水文循环过程机理尚不清楚. 通过在黑河上游葫芦沟流域高山寒漠带试验点布设水文循环观测试验,分析了典型高山寒漠带非冻结期水文特征. 结果表明：高山寒漠试验点观测期(2009年6月7日-9月30日)的降水量为541.4 mm;蒸发皿的蒸发量为256.9 mm,桶式微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysimeter)的蒸发量为122.8 mm,平均蒸发量为1.1 mm·d^-1. 根据观测,高山寒漠带凝结水量也比较丰富,凝结水虽然没有直接参与高寒山区水文循环的产汇流过程,但它消耗了能量,抵消了部分太阳辐射,间接地参与了产汇流过程. 高山寒漠带小流域在观测期的平均径流深为461.2 mm. 根据降水梯度获取的流域平均降水量为639.1 mm,径流系数为0.72.     

山西省临县马铃薯需水量变化规律及灌溉制度试验研究

通过山西省临县湫水河灌区灌溉试验站进行马铃薯需水量变化规律及灌溉制度试验。分析在该地区气候条件下马铃薯需水量与需水规律、种植灌水与产量同,以及耗水量与产量之间的关系。试验得出:马铃薯耗水强度在发芽期为1.13~3.09 mm/d,幼苗期为2.99~4.31 mm/d,块茎形成期为4.03~5.51 mm/d,块茎增长期为4.30~5.73 mm/d,淀粉积累期降为2.42~3.40 mm/d。试验还提出马铃薯在不同生育阶段比较适宜的土壤水分控制下限,以及较为合理的灌溉制度,同时计算得出马铃薯各个生育阶段的作物系数Kc值。     

利用地下水长观资料求解含水层参数

以银川平原灌区内的地下水动态观测资料,气象资料和灌溉试验资料为基础,分析了灌区内地下水的时空分布规律,并定量地确定了含水层参数:给水度度μ、潜水临界埋深△0、潜水蒸发系数C,采用此方法还可以推求降雨入渗补给系数a和灌溉回归系数等参数.     

普洱水稻需水规律及灌溉定额研究

以普洱市永庆试验点水稻为例,开展水稻需水规律及灌溉定额试验研究,以试验结果及永庆1970~2014年气象数据为基础,分析得到了不同水文年普洱水稻需水量与灌溉定额。结果表明,普洱地区日均ET0从返青期开始减小,抽穗开花期最小,后不断增加,与日照时数呈极显著正相关关系(p=0.001),与相对湿度呈显著负相关关系(p=0.014)。水稻日均需水量变化和ET0变化趋势一致,也是在抽穗开花期最小,返青期最大,这和其他地区水稻需水规律有较大差异。全生育期水稻作物系数为1.11。丰水年、平水年和枯水年需水量分别为533.8mm、574.2mm、601.1mm,受降雨量普遍偏高的影响,不同水文年水稻灌溉定额偏小,丰水年、平水年和枯水年灌溉定额分别为247.2mm、296.6mm和316.2mm。     

甘肃省景泰川电力提灌灌区耗水系数监测试验研究

景电扬水灌区是黄河流域提水高程最大的灌区,扬水有计量和测验,包括支渠斗渠都有计量,但灌区回归没有计量。经过本工作选定3处退水沟渠进行了断面设置,自计水位计量,巴歇尔量水堰,并进行了实测比测,通过一年多的工作,扣除灌区的降雨与城市工业退水等因素,进行了退水量统计,进而计算出灌区的耗水系数。经监测分析,2016年景电灌区一、二期工程总引水量共计45 967.2万m~3,3处退水量共计3 105.9万m~3,明渠耗水系数计算为0.932。退水量中扣除降雨径流与城市排水为331.3万m~3,引黄退水量为2 774.6万m~3,耗水系数计算为0.940。监测成果显示明渠退水日均接近1 m~3/s,大约占总提水的6%。     

黄河冲积平原灌溉入渗研究

黄河冲积平原面积广大,农田灌溉频繁,灌水量大,在地下水资源评价时对灌溉入渗系数取值困难。本文在现场灌溉入渗试验的基础上,分析包气带岩性及结构、水位埋深、灌溉水量对灌溉入渗系数的影响,总结提出了多种条件下灌溉入渗系数的取值范围。在单位灌水量40～60m3／亩和水位埋深小于4m、4～8m、大于8m的井灌区中,当包气带岩性为粉土、粉砂时,灌溉入渗系数可分别取值0．21～O．10、0．10—0．05、0．05～0;当包气带岩性夹有粉质粘土层时,灌溉入渗系数可分别取值0．15～0．09、0.09—0．05、0．05～0。在单位灌水量较大的渠灌区,灌溉入渗系数可按单位灌水量的增大倍数而增加,由此为黄河冲积平原区地下水补给量计算中灌溉入渗系数的确定提供了依据。     

华北平原地下水补给量计算分析

采用溴示踪法研究华北平原山前冲积平原和中部平原有灌溉和无灌溉区域的地下水补给,得到研究区平均地下水补给量为126.10 mm,平均补给系数为0.185 2,有灌溉实验点的补给量和补给系数大于无灌溉实验点。同时对示踪剂运移深度和含水量分布、降雨灌溉量和地下水埋深等影响因素进行分析。将各实验点计算结果与国内有关学者采用示踪剂法所得到的补给系数进行对比分析,论证了研究结果的可靠性,此研究成果可为华北平原地下水资源分析提供重要参考。     

关于实現水利三化認真开展灌区水文測驗工作的指示

各队(处)、水利工作组、布尔津—等站、直屬区各站、直属组: 自治区今冬明春以改建旧灌区为中心的水利建設高潮,將使全疆灌区基本上改观,在农田水利上实現“三化”即渠系工程化,管理科学化,灌溉溝畦化,随着灌溉設施的改建,实現灌溉管理的科学化,还有待于正确的掌握灌区水文情况,因此,在大規模进行旧     

Changes in irrigation management and quantity and quality of drainage water in a traditional irrigated land

Irrigated agriculture allows for the increase of agrarian yields and stability in food supply and raw materials, being, at the same time, responsible for the reduction of water resources availability and for the pollution by salts and nitrate. This work aims to analyze the impact of changes in irrigation management (establishment of an on-demand flood irrigated system, assignment of irrigation allowances and water payment for surface and irrigation water consumption) in a traditional irrigated land on drainage flow, electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration in irrigation return flows between the year 2001 and the period 2005–2008. Changes in water management significantly modified quantity (lower drainage) and quality (electrical conductivity and nitrate) of irrigation return flows, keeping similar evolution paths during the year with water ameliorants in summer due to the use of good irrigation water quality. Salinity in irrigation return flows is not a current problem in the area as electrical conductivity values in water did not exceed the limit established for water used in irrigation or intended for human consumption. Despite the fact that changes in irrigation management and crop distribution have reduced nitrate concentrations in irrigation return flows by 43 %, the water still presents nitrate values exceeding the 50 mg NO₃ ^?/l. Thus, nitrate remains as the main agro-environmental problem in this irrigation area. However, the nitrate concentration trends detected in this work mark the possibility of reaching nitrate values below 50 mg NO₃ ^?/l in the case of maintenance of the conditions in this agricultural system.     

Hydro-salinity balance and mobilization in oasis irrigation areas at two different scales

Decades of intensive irrigation of farmlands in the oasis irrigated areas of Xinjiang, Northwest China has caused secondary salinization of vast areas of land since the mid-1980s. Based on the systematic analysis of the monitoring data of hydrology, soil, irrigation and salinity at two different scales in the case of Weigan River Plain Oasis in Xinjiang Province, algorithms derived from hydrosalinity balance principle were developed to estimate the salt mobilization and characteristics; salt and water mobilization and distribution were closely examined both in catchment scale and in field scale. The critical ratio of drainage to irrigation of Weigan River Plain Oasis was estimated to be 9.19%. Furthermore, analysis of the relationship between the two different scaling issues was illustrated. Finally, corresponding countermeasures for secondary soil salinization were proposed according to the different developmental stages and salinization status of water and soil resources.The findings of this paper is helpful in controlling the local hydrology, in limiting or diminishing salinization trends, as well as in providing academic and instructive meaning for the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis irrigation areas.     

Salt and nitrate exports from the sprinkler-irrigated Malfarás creek watershed (Ebro river valley,Spain) during 2010

Irrigated agriculture is a clear source of non-point pollution by salts and nitrogen species. The impact of such pollution should be quantified according to specific cases. The case of the Malfarás creek basin, a sprinkler irrigation district located in the semiarid Ebro valley in northeast Spain, has been evaluated. The main crops in the district were corn, barley and alfalfa, occupying 93 % of the irrigated area. The fate of water, salts and nutrients was evaluated by a daily water balance developed at a field scale for the natural year 2010. The yearly data of the whole set of 101 irrigated fields plus the non-irrigated area compared to the measured drainage produced a basin water balance with a low degree of error. The basin consumed 90 % of the total water input of which 68 % was used for crop evapotranspiration and the rest was lost due to non-productive uses. 16 % of the incoming water left the irrigation area as drainage water. The irrigated area was responsible for 87 % of the drainage. The average volume of drained water was 152 mm year^?1 for the whole basin area. The irrigated area drained 183 mm year^?1. The basin exported 473 kg of salt per hectare during 2010. This value was the lowest of the sprinkler irrigation areas in the Ebro valley, mainly due to the lower soil salinity. All the crops except barley received a nitrogen surplus of 10–50 % above their needs. The extra nitrogen entered the water cycle increasing the nitrate concentration in the aquifer water (150 mg L^?1) and drainage water (98 mg L^?1). In 2010 the mass of nitrogen exported by drainage was 49 kg per irrigated hectare. This value is too high for this type of irrigation system and implies that 17 % of nitrogen applied as a fertilizer was lost to drainage water. The key to decreasing the nitrogen leaching and pollution that it causes could be appropriate time-controlled fertigation along with better irrigation scheduling.     

基于主成分-时间序列模型的地下水位预测

地下水位预测是区域水资源管理的重要依据。针对地下水位在时间序列上表现出高度的随机性和滞后性,建立了基于主成分分析与多变量时间序列CAR（Controlled Auto-Regressive）模型耦合的地下水位预报模型,将该模型应用于济南市陡沟灌区地下水位预测,结果显示,模型模拟值与实测值的决定系数R2和Nash-Suttcliffe系数E_ns均达到0.90以上;以2011年为基准年,当降水量减少10%~20%,蒸发量和生活用水量增加10%~20%,调入27.39万~137.0万m3地表水用于农业灌溉时,到2030年灌区地下水位将维持在30.99~31.29 m,较基准年上升0.12~0.42 m。在区域水资源紧缺的背景下,适当引入地表水灌溉,减少地下水的开采,灌区地下水位将逐步回升,对于灌区的可持续发展和区域水资源的合理利用具有重要意义。     

GIS-based spatial and temporal investigation of groundwater level fluctuations under rice-wheat ecosystem over Haryana

Groundwater irrigation is the most predominant method used across India and about 50% of the total irrigated area is dependent on it. The state of Haryana has witnessed a spectacular increase in agricultural production in the last few decades, and is largely dependent on groundwater for irrigation. Groundwater mining for irrigation has become a reality in the state over the years as the number of tube wells has increased from 0.02 million in 1966 to 0.73 million in 2012, showing alarming signs of over-exploitation. The impact of increased groundwater irrigation on groundwater levels has not been studied both spatially and temporally. Therefore, this study has been undertaken to investigate the groundwater level fluctuations in the state using geographical information system (GIS) from the groundwater level data of 893 observation wells obtained from Groundwater Cell, Department of Agriculture, Government of Haryana, Panchkula, for the period 2004-12. Many researchers have applied GIS to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of groundwater level fluctuation and as a management and decision tool. The analysis of results indicated a mix of negative and positive trends in the groundwater levels. However, the negative trends were much more pronounced than positive ones. Groundwater level in the state ranged between 0.16 to 65.97 m from the ground surface and per cent area with groundwater level depth more than 10 meter (critical category) was about 56% in 2004 and has increased to 64% by 2012. The average annual decline in groundwater level was observed to be above 32 cm/year, with the strongest decline (108.9 cm/year) in Kurukshetra district.     

辽河大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染入库模拟

利用输出系数法和SWAT模型,对大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染(ANSP)进行了入库模拟研究,并用2006—2009年的水文和水质监测数据对模型进行了校准和验证。研究结果表明:汇水区年均输入到水库的泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷分别为82.65×103 t、1 873.49t和81.97t;月入库泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷与径流量有着较强的相关性,ANSP的产生和迁移受降水、径流过程影响很大,每年7、8月份的氮、磷和泥沙流失量达到年内最大值,分别占全年流失总量的42.64%、44.42%和67.91%。水库汇水区各流域对水库氮、磷污染的贡献率由大到小依次为:浑河流域(清原段)、苏子河流域、社河流域和水库周边小流域。     

The Salt River Project (SRP), central Arizona and the area of greater phoenix—a study in urbanization and trends of water consumption

The influence of urbanization on the overall water consumption within an irrigation oasis is reviewed. The hypothesis that the overall water consumption would decrease because urban lands need only about half the amount of water per unit area as do irrigated agricultural lands, does not hold true for the Salt River Project. The reasons involved are water law, water use policy, specific traits of urban development, and mental attitude of the people toward water as a limited resource.