North Atlantic climate impact on early late‐glacial climate oscillations in the south‐eastern Alps inferred from a multi‐proxy lake sediment record

High‐resolution multi‐proxy analyses of a sediment core section from Lake Jeserzersee (Saissersee) in the piedmont lobe of the Würmian Drau glacier (Carinthia, Austria) reveal pronounced climatic oscillations during the early late glacial (ca. 18.5–16.0k cal a BP). Diatom‐inferred epilimnetic summer water temperatures show a close correspondence with temperature reconstructions from the adjacent Lake Längsee record and, on a hemispheric scale, with fluctuations of ice‐rafted debris in the North Atlantic. This suggests that North Atlantic climate triggered summer climate variability in the Alps during the early late glacial. The expansion of pine (mainly dwarf pine) between ca. 18.5 and 18.1k cal a BP indicates warming during the so‐called ‘Längsee oscillation’. The subsequent stepwise climate deterioration between ca. 18.1 and 17.6k cal a BP culminated in a tripartite cold period between ca. 17.6 and 16.9k cal a BP with diatom‐inferred summer water temperatures 8.5–10 °C below modern values and a shift from wet to dry conditions. This period probably coincides with a major Alpine glacier advance termed the Gschnitz stadial. A warmer interval between ca. 16.9 and 16.4k cal a BP separates this cold phase from a second, shorter and less pronounced cold phase between ca. 16.4 and 16.0k cal a BP, which is thought to correlate with the Clavadel/Senders glacier advance in the Alps. The following temperature increase, coupled with wet (probably snow‐rich) conditions, caused the expansion of birch during the transition period to the late glacial interstadial. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of actual evapotranspiration from an alluvial aquifer of the Kouris catchment (Cyprus) using continuous streamflow records

The Kouris catchment is located in the south of the Troodos massif in Cyprus. The hydrology is driven by a Mediterranean climate, a mountainous topography, and a complex distribution of hydrogeological properties resulting from complex geology. To quantify the regional water balance further, a simple method using continuous streamflow records in the River Limnatis (Kouris catchment) was applied to calculate the actual evapotranspiration rate in the dry seasons. It was found that daily cycles of streamflow, recorded by automatic pressure logger, were caused by direct evaporation from the groundwater table and by transpiration of riparian forest. The daily amounts of ‘missing’ streamflow were calculated for the period 30 October–4 November 2001 and were extrapolated to the entire dry season and to the whole Kouris catchment. The actual evapotranspiration rate from the alluvial aquifer of the region is 2·4 ± 0·5 Mm³ for April–September 2001. The validity of the assumptions and the uncertainties in the estimates used in the method are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于梯度分析法的长江上游水库群供水-发电-环境互馈关系解析

长江上游水资源耦合系统优化调控涉及供水、发电和生态需水等相互竞争、不可公度的调控目标。其供水-发电-环境互馈协变机制难以数学解析和刻画，多维目标效益均衡优化调控难以实施。为此，以多目标优化、运筹学理论及方法为基础，提出了基于梯度分析法的供水-发电-环境两两互馈关系研究方法。通过多目标约束优化方法求解长江上游水库群联合优化调度在供水-发电-环境目标空间的最优解集，并进行插值构造了供水-发电-环境互馈关系多维空间曲面，以此为基础，采用一阶差分近似求解供水对环境和发电对环境偏导函数值，以量化环境对供水变化和发电变化响应的梯度，进而解析环境-供水和环境-发电间互馈协变关系。该方法为水库群优化调度多目标互馈关系研究提供了一种新的思路。     

钙钠离子对蒙脱石吸水特性的影响

本文测定蒙脱石胶体和膨润土吸水率及吸水比,研究钙钠离子对其吸水特性的影响。研究结果表明,钙质蒙脱石、膨润土在吸水24h内的吸水率和吸水速度均高于钠质的;而24h后则前者低于后者。钙质蒙脱石和膨润上的吸水比>50％,而钠质的<50％。     

大气降水热液成矿——西秦岭某硅、灰、泥岩型铀矿床成矿模式探讨

西秦岭某硅、灰、泥岩型层控铀矿床是在矿源层(中志留统)的基础上,由地下水热液渗滤改造而成。铀的工业富集发生在矿源层褶皱成陆之后,成矿高峰则发生在中、新生代交替时期。成矿溶液是受大气降水补给的地下水热液;成矿物质主要来自矿源层本身。矿源层长期遭受地下水热液作用,溶液中大量的铀酰离子形成稳定的碳酸铀酰络合物,并被运移至岩性和构造的圈闭部位,通过吸附和共沉淀等作用富集,或通过还原、水解和过饱和沉淀等作用形成沥青铀矿或再生铀黑。该层控铀矿床的整个成矿过程具有典型的逐级增量特点,属于塔式累积成矿的基本模式,后生富集是成矿的关键。     

冀中拗陷古潜山油田水化学研究

冀中拗陷油气田87%的储量产于海相碳酸盐岩古潜山中,在油气生成、运移、集聚和散失的过程中地下水起了重要作用。本文根据50个试样的水化学分析资料,运用对应分析方法对冀中拗陷古潜山油田水进行了分类并初步探讨了水化学成分演化与油气藏形成的关系。     

石家庄市投资方向与水资源的关系

通过对石家庄市水资源利用现状分析和预测,提出节水的新概念,就投资方向与水资源的关系,从战略和战术两个方面进行了综合论述。在战略上对生产力布局与水资源进行优化配置,重点以转变观念、生态经济原则,调整工业布局、产业政策、产业结构、生态农业、强化节水投资等方面分析论证;在战术上兼顾节约用水与防止水质污染,从节水产品、节水工艺、节水农艺、节水管理等方面进行了探讨。     

输水管网模糊地震可靠性的 Monte Carlo 法分析程序

本文详细介绍了笔者所建议的运用模糊图理论和方法进行城市输水管网的地震可靠性分析途径和计算程序。对于输水管网中每段管道的震害预测,建立了相应的专家系统。在此基础上,定义了管网系统的模糊可靠性,更好地反映了人们对于管道损坏状态估计的模糊性和对可靠性要求上的模糊性。以模糊矩阵来描述输水管网的状态是十分方便的。通过计算模糊矩阵的传递闭包,极易找出最短路、关键段等。由于地震作用和管道抗震能力都是随机的,因此整个管网系统的可靠性分析是藉助Monle Carlo法进行的。以Monle Carlo法对模糊图进行分析,从而得到管网的地震可靠性,这还是首次。用PASCAL和PROLOG编制了在微机上实用的计算机程序,特别是以智能语言PROLOG编制的程序,更有许多特色。由于采用了一些技巧,使在微机上可以分析相当大的系统,为城市抗震防灾工作提供了一个有力的工具。     

Observations of mid-troposhheric circulation from water vapour radiances of polar orbiting satellites

Water vapour tracers can provide useful information on winds at ≈ 500mb by observing the 6·7μ radiances. This fills the data gap in the cloud motion winds provided by conventional meteorological geostationary satellites. There is no geostationary satellite at present over the Indian Ocean with 6·7μ imaging capability to provide mid-tropospheric winds. The potentials of 6·7μ radiances, available from polar orbiting satellites, for mid-tropospheric circulation features have been examined in this study. Tiros-N satellite data of May 1979 and ECMWF level-IIIb wind data were analysed to relate the radiances with the streamlines. We find that the radiances of 6·7μ from orbiting satellites agree well with the wind field.