关于水土压力计算及抗剪强度指标选用的探讨

抗剪强度指标是岩土计算中的重要参数,不同试验条件下的抗剪强度指标如何在工程实践中应用关乎工程的安全稳定与否,这一问题一直是工程界争论的热点.从基本概念入手,对一些似是而非的概念进行了梳理,提出了水土合算无实际工程意义,有效自重压力不能等同于有效应力的论断,概括了工程实践中如何选用抗剪强度指标的基本思路,期望能对正确理解土力学原理及工程实践有借鉴指导意义.     

DEM–SPH simulation of rock blasting

A numerical model is proposed for the simulation of rock blasting. A bonded particle system is utilized to mimic the behavior of rock. The particles interact at the contact points through normal and shear springs to simulate rock elasticity. To withstand the deviatoric stresses, the particles are glued to each other. If the applied force exceeds the contact strength, local failure occurs and microcracks are developed in the synthetic rock. For simulation of gas flow, the smooth particle hydrodynamic method is implemented. The interaction of gas particles with the rock grains is assumed to follow a perfect plastic collision model in which the initial momentum of the colliding particles is preserved. A detailed examination of the interaction of gas with blast hole is investigated. It is shown that the proposed hybrid model is capable of simulating the induced shock waves in the gas together with wave propagation in the rock material. The model successfully mimics crack propagation in rock. In particular, the crushed zone around the borehole, radial cracks, and surface spalling are all captured successfully. The results of numerical analysis suggest that gas–rock interaction can, in fact, generate a few successive compressive waves in the rock specimen, causing further extension of radial cracks with time as the weaker secondary and tertiary waves interact with the crack tips.     

Coupling of two methods,waveform superposition and numerical,to model blast vibration effect on slope stability in jointed rock masses

Drilling and blasting is a major technology in mining since it is necessary for the initial breakage of rock masses in mining. Only a fraction of the explosive energy is efficiently consumed in the actual breakage and displacement of the rock mass, and the rest of the energy is spent in undesirable effects, such as ground vibrations. The prediction of induced ground vibrations across a fractured rock mass is of great concern to rock engineers in assessing the stability of rock slopes in open pit mines. The waveform superposition method was used in the Gol-E-Gohar iron mine to simulate the production blast seismograms based upon the single-hole shot vibration measurements carried out at a distance of 39 m from the blast. The simulated production blast seismograms were then used as input to predict particle velocity time histories of blast vibrations in the mine wall using the universal distinct element code (UDEC). Simulated time histories of particle velocity showed a good agreement with the measured production blast time histories. Displacements and peak particle velocities were determined at various points of the engineered slope. The maximum displacement at the crest of the nearest bench in the X and Y directions was 26 mm, which is acceptable in regard to open pit slope stability.     

基于LiDAR点云的复杂钢结构模型重建

传统的基于全站仪等单点测量技术难以获取钢结构整体信息,且测量速度慢、模型重建精度低。针对此问题,本文将三维激光扫描技术应用于钢结构模型重建领域,提出了基于LiDAR点云的复杂钢结构模型重建方法。首先,基于标靶球和钢结构面信息实现多测站点云的高精度配准,并通过半径滤波算法去除噪点,以得到完整的激光点云数据;然后,对复杂钢结构单体模型进行分割,以实现各个部件的模型重建;最后,根据现场实测数据对重建的三维模型进行精度评估。试验结果表明,基于该方法得到的模型精度较高,与实际尺寸差值均小于1 cm,为复杂钢结构的三维模型重建提供了有效解决方案。     

耦合Rothermel模型与粒子系统的林火蔓延模拟方法北大核心CSCD

科学准确地模拟分析森林火灾蔓延动态对防灾减灾救灾工作具有重要意义。现有的林火蔓延模拟方法在林火蔓延计算和可视化表达上,耦合程度低且难以将动态物理模型计算结果实时可视化表达。针对这一问题,本文在综合考虑国内外各种火灾蔓延模型优缺点的基础上,选取应用广泛的Rothermel模型作为物理模型。通过惠更斯理论优化了火灾演进范围边界点割裂的不足,采取着火点密度阈值控制种子点数量与模拟可视化效率的平衡;利用布尔运算提高多着火点蔓延范围计算效率,将火灾模型与Open Scene Graph的粒子系统进行紧密耦合,完成火灾演进可视化表达。本文方法实现了对森林火灾蔓延的精确计算和实时、逼真模拟,为灾害应急部门提供信息化支撑。     

Distribution characteristics of wave energy in the Zhe-Min coastal area

A 10-year（2003–2012） hindcast was conducted to study the wave field in the Zhe-Min coastal area（Key Area OE-W2） located off Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China. Forced by the wind field from a weather research and forecasting model（WRF）, high-resolution wave modelling using the SWAN was carried out in the study area. The simulated wave fields show a good agreement with observations. Using the simulation results, we conducted statistical analysis of wave power density in terms of spatial distr...     

Particle size shapes the prokaryotic microbial communities in mangrove sediments: A case study of Sanya,China

The prokaryotic microbial communities in the sediments play crucial roles in the ecological functions of mangrove ecosystems. Therefore, the environmental factors that affect the structures of these prokaryotic microbial communities could indirectly participate in the regulation of mangrove functions, which is of great value for mangrove studies. The particle size (PS) of soils is recently demonstrated as a key environmental factor for shaping the microbial communities; however, this hypothesis has rarely been tested for mangrove environments. A case study of three tropical mangroves from Sanya, China was performed in this work to assess the influence of PS on the prokaryotic microbial community structures of bacteria, archaea, diazotrophs, and denitrifiers in the sediments. Results showed the variability in the spatial scale and the stability in the temporal scale for the prokaryotic communities, indicating that the tropical mangrove sediments could be a versatile but stable environment. Among the collected environmental factors, PS, salinity, and humidity had the greatest impacts, and PS mostly affected the structures of these prokaryotic communities based on its highest R2 values of canonical correspondence analysis, Mental test, and linear fitting (p≤0.05). Furthermore, PS was positively correlated with the diversity and abundance of diazotrophic communities and negatively correlated with the abundances of methanogenic communities including Methanobacteriaceae, Methanospirillaceae, Methanoregulaceae, and Methanosaetaceae. Former studies show the increasing trend of PS caused by the rise of sea level and the intensification of human activities. Therefore, our findings indicate that PS could be a potential intermediate that links climate change and human activities with the possible ecological function migration of mangroves; meanwhile, the increase of PS could in turn release the stress of these environmental changes by increasing the abundance and diversity of the diazotrophic community and decreasing the abundances of methanogens.     

超细SiO2改性壳聚糖膜的制备、表征及蛋白质分离性能研究

本研究通过先共混沉淀后溶解去除超细SiO2颗粒（5~10 μm）制备改性壳聚糖膜,采用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope, SEM）观察显示,改性后的壳聚糖膜由微尺度多孔结构和光滑表面结构的非对称结构组成,并且改性前后壳聚糖膜的机械性能没有明显改变。死端过滤实验测试膜通量的结果显示,由于微观凹凸膜结构可增大膜的有效扩散面积,因此改性后壳聚糖膜的水渗透性比未改性壳聚糖膜提高了1.5倍。采用自由扩散法测试溶菌酶（14 kDa）、胰蛋白酶（20 kDa）、胃蛋白酶（34 kDa）、鸡卵清蛋白（43 kDa）和牛血清白蛋白（65 kDa）在壳聚糖膜内的有效扩散系数（effective diffusion coefficients, Deff）,实验结果表明,虽然蛋白质分子量的变化仅为4.6倍,但是改性壳聚糖膜中蛋白质的Deff变化达330倍,说明壳聚糖膜具有一定的蛋白质选择过滤性能。另一方面,鸡卵清蛋白和牛血清白蛋白的Deff出现了较为明显的变化,由此推测改性壳聚糖膜传质通道的大小与鸡卵清蛋白的分子大小相当。本研究结果可为生物酶制剂精制过程的膜过滤操作提供参考。     

吐鲁番和若羌冬季气溶胶垂直分布的飞机观测分析

利用2019年冬季吐鲁番和2020年冬季若羌共14次完整机载探测气溶胶资料,结合宏观天气资料及大气污染数据,研究飞机爬升或降落阶段两地上空气溶胶粒子数浓度、粒子平均粒径的垂直变化规律,分析不同高度的粒子谱分布特征。结果表明：（1） 两地冬季气溶胶粒子数浓度及粒子直径存在明显差异。在无明显天气过程下,若羌气溶胶粒子数浓度均值（5354·cm^-3）明显高于吐鲁番（3948·cm^-3）;粒子平均粒径来看,均值差异不大,但吐鲁番出现大直径粒子（0.16 \mathrm{\mu } \mathrm{m}）数量高于若羌（0.13 \mathrm{\mu } \mathrm{m}）。2019年12月15日大风后最为明显,粒子直径最大值达到0.21 \mathrm{\mu } \mathrm{m},这与沙尘气溶胶多有关联。从垂直变化情况来看,两地气溶胶粒子数浓度均随高度增加而升高,若羌各层普遍高于吐鲁番,但吐鲁番近地面粒子直径随高度增加有明显下降,若羌整层变化很小。（2） 吐鲁番、若羌气溶胶粒子数浓度和粒子平均粒径受大风、降水等天气过程以及逆温层的影响十分明显。两地高层均主要为输入型气溶胶,低层差异主要是由于吐鲁番地区人为源气溶胶粒子的排放导致的大气环境污染。（3） 吐鲁番、若羌两地粒子谱分布在0.10~3.00 \mathrm{\mu } \mathrm{m}范围内变化趋势大体一致,主要以小粒径为主,谱分布受天气过程影响变化较为明显。（4） 从三模态粒径相似度对比可以得出,无论是吐鲁番还是若羌,在第一模态中数谱分布差异不大,若羌平均相似度为50.330%,略高于吐鲁番46.770%。有明显天气过程时,吐鲁番气溶胶数谱在二、三模态相似度（小于0.020%）急剧下降,而若羌第二模态相似度仍满足置信度95%,但第三模态中变化凸显,相似度不足0.020%。     

荒漠蓝藻规模化培养试验

以人工生物土壤结皮治理沙化土地技术是近年来新兴的绿色环保固沙技术,是目前沙区生态恢复研究的热点。然而,用于人工生物土壤结皮培养的荒漠蓝藻等生物体的产量是限制该技术大规模应用的瓶颈。为阐明荒漠蓝藻规模化培养的生长特征及其限制因子,以分离于腾格里沙漠蓝藻结皮中的优势荒漠蓝藻——鱼腥藻（Anabaena cylindrica）、具鞘微鞘藻（Microcoleus vaginatus）、念珠藻（Nostoc carneum）、席藻（Phormidium sp. NIES-2121）、伪枝藻（Scytonema sp. NIES-4073）、爪哇伪枝藻（Scytonema javanicum）和单歧藻（Tolypothrix tenuis）为研究对象,测定了不同扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻的生长特征和产量,分析了荒漠蓝藻的生长与扰动时长、温度、光照强度、光合有效辐射、pH和电导率对荒漠蓝藻的影响。结果显示：荒漠蓝藻接种后干重先迅速增加后逐渐趋于稳定,而6 h和12 h扰动下干重在培养后期高于3 h扰动;荒漠蓝藻在3、6、12 h扰动下的总质量分别为每培养池（15 m³）0.858、0.940、0.841 kg;在3 h和12 h扰动下荒漠蓝藻干重与日均温度呈显著二项式相关,与日均光照强度和日均光合有效辐射呈显著负相关;荒漠蓝藻总质量与有效积温显著正相关。6 h扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻的总质量最高,且6 h扰动下荒漠蓝藻长势好于3 h,较12 h扰动耗能小。在荒漠蓝藻规模化培养时应将扰动时长设置为6 h,且确保生长期内的有效积温应不低于145 ℃。