A study on the characteristics of heavy metals in orange ecosystem

An investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of heavy metals in orange ecosystem in three areas in the Three Gorge Reservoir Region by using the modified Tessier sequential extraction procedure. The contents of Cu and Pb in different speciation fractions of the soils can be ordered as the Residual (F6)>Reducible (F4)>Oxidable (F5)>Water soluble (F1)>Carbonate (F3)>Exchangeable (F2), and the contents of Zn and Ni follow the order of the Residual (F6)>Oxidable (F5)>Reducible (F4)>Water soluble (F1)>Carbonate (F3)> Exchangeable (F2), and those of Cd follow the order of the Reducible (F4)>Oxidable (F5)>Exchangeable (F2)>Carbonate (F3)>Residual (F6)>Water soluble (F1). The concentrations of Cu in the different organs of oranges follow the increasing sequence of pulp>leaf>pericarp, those of Zn and Ni following the increasing sequence of leaf>pulp>pericarp, and those of Pb and Cd follow the increasing sequence of leaf>pericarp>pulp. Correlation degrees of different forms of same heavy metals in soils are according to the order of Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb>Ni. Correlation degrees of different heavy metals in same forms are according to the order that the forms of Reducible (F4), Oxidable (F5) and Residual (F6) are higher than the forms of Water soluble (F1), Exchangeable (F2) and Carbonate (F3). There are either positive or negative correlations between heavy metals in leaves and in pulp, while there are all positive correlations between heavy mentals in leaves and in pericarp. There are significant correlations between the concentrations of some heavy metals in leaves, pericarp or pulp, and those in speciation fractions in the soils.     

非离子表面活性剂修饰纳米钛柱撑粘土材料的合成与应用

本文采用非离子表面活性剂聚乙烯醇(PVA)对粘土进行改性修饰,并以钛酸丁酯和盐酸分别为前驱物和酸催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了PVA修饰疏水型纳米钛柱撑粘土材料,对其进行了比表面积(BET)、热重分析(TGA)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征。实验结果表明,TiO2成功地插入了粘土层间,并以锐钛矿型的晶型存在,制备的柱撑粘土复合材料仍有较好的层状结构,其比表面积较原土有明显的增加,经过PVA修饰后柱撑粘土表面的疏水性得到了提高。以甲基橙的吸附和降解为模型反应,考察了柱撑粘土的吸附性能和光催化活性,实验结果发现PVA修饰疏水型纳米钛柱撑粘土材料对甲基橙表现出了良好的吸附能力和较好的光催化活性。     

江西省多气象要素的柑橘冻害指标

针对近年来柑橘越冬期冻害的发生及灾害程度不单纯由低温决定及雨雪冰冻、干旱等与低温并发常使柑橘耐冻性降低、出现冻害加重,该文利用气温、降水及其持续时间等构建了一组多气象要素的柑橘冻害指标,包括单站冻害指数和区域冻害指数,并结合单一气象要素的柑橘冻害指标,利用江西省1959—2009年柑橘冻害实况对其进行检验。检验结果表明:多气象要素的单站冻害指数计算结果中,典型年份的单站冻害等级及典型县站的逐年冻害等级均与实况基本吻合,相对于单一气象要素冻害指标,该指数能够更好地反映冻害程度以及冻害空间分布特征;逐年的江西省区域冻害等级与实况的吻合率约为90%;以1992年为例的典型冻害年份中,江西省内分区的区域冻害等级与实况的吻合率约为80%。因此,该指标可应用于江西省柑橘种植区的越冬期冻害监测、评估及气候适宜性研究,具有推广应用价值。     

生物炭催化过硫酸盐脱色偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ

生物炭作为一种廉价易得的材料,在土壤修复等各方面的功能已引起广泛关注,但其催化作用却鲜有研究。首次对生物炭(biochar-BC)催化过硫酸盐(Na2S2O8-PS)使偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ(AO7)脱色的可行性进行研究,对影响催化体系脱色效率的因素(包括pH、生物炭质量浓度和PS/AO7摩尔比)进行探讨,同时研究了生物炭的重复利用效果及前后性质变化。结果表明:PS/BC体系明显比单独的PS体系脱色效果好;两个反应体系都遵循一级反应动力学;PS/BC体系反应的最适pH接近中性;生物炭质量浓度越大,脱色效果越好;PS/AO7摩尔比越大,脱色效果越好,但是催化效果却没有相应的改善;生物炭重复利用后对AO7仍然有脱色效果;BC的孔大多位于层状结构表面,且为小孔,重复使用后,表面孔会堵塞;除了灰分和氧元素外,其他元素(C、N、H、S)含量都有一定程度的减小;BC表面官能团种类很多,主要有C=O、C=C、C-O、C-H,芳香族C=C和C-H以及-OH官能团;BC重复使用后-OH峰会消失。综上述,生物炭可以催化过硫酸盐对偶氮染料AO7进行脱色,原理是BC表面的-OH官能团与PS反应生成硫酸根自由基去除AO7。     

Removal of dyes from aqueous solutions using low-cost sorbents made of solid residues from olive-mill wastes (JEFT) and solid residues from refined Jordanian oil shale

The effectiveness of processed solid residue from olive-mill waste (JEFT) and solid residue of pyrolyzed oil shale in removing methylene blue as a cationic dye and methyl orange as an anionic dye from aqueous solutions has been investigated and compared with that of a commercial activated carbon, namely coconut-shell carbon. All three sorbents showed significant methylene-blue removal, but only the coconut granular-activated carbon showed notable methyl-orange removal. The oil-shale sorbent showed no removal and the olive carbon showed poor removal of methyl orange. The removal of both methylene blue and methyl orange increases with the lapse of time, and attains equilibrium in 100 min. Received: 12 May 1999 · Accepted: 1 November 1999     

Letter to the editor

It is a common observation that the mean length in a fish population progressively decreases as the biomass is reduced by fishing. However, this has not happened with the population of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand, even though the biomass is estimated to have declined by almost 80%. Because orange roughy are slow growing it might be expected that mean age (or its proxy, mean otolith weight) would be a more sensitive indicator of biomass decline than mean length. A simulation study shows that this is not true. With equal sample sizes, all three indicators are equally sensitive; on an equal cost basis, mean length is more sensitive than the others. A log transformation increases the sensitivity of age and otolith weight, but it is not clear whether this increase is sufficient to outweigh the much greater costs of measuring age and otolith weight, compared to length. Under the assumption of constant recruitment, it is more likely than not (P = 0.55–0.8) that a change in mean length would have been detected in the Chatham Rise population, given the estimated biomass decline.     

红肉脐橙生育特性与气象条件

对2002年红肉脐橙各物候期、落花落果数等观测资料进行了分析，结果表明：红肉脐橙春梢的生长量随积温的增加而增加，生长曲线符合指数规律。生理落花落果时间在4月30日至6月10日之间，着果率1．59％。果实膨大停止并达到商品成熟期为12月中下旬，成熟时间比国内最优脐橙纽荷尔晚30余天，大于等于10℃的积温5685．5℃，降雨量1039．9mm，日照时数1416．9h，丰产性能好。生理落果期平均温度22．6℃，平均相对湿度73％．落果率86．9％；平均温度21．1℃，平均相对湿度82％，落果率96．9％。     

富川县脐橙生产与风因素的分析

通过对桂北地区的气象因素与脐橙生产状况的分析，找出了富川县气象因素中的风是影响富川脐橙生产高产、优质的主要因素。     

江西信丰县优质脐橙果和叶中稀土元素分布特征研究

通过1：5万信丰图组农业地质专题调查，在信丰县4个主要脐橙种植区安西、大塘、西牛和同益等地．采集华脐、朋娜和纽贺尔3个脐橙品种的果、叶样品，采用中子活化法对8个稀土元素（La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Eu、Tb、Yb和Lu）进行分析，研究稀土元素在脐橙果、叶及其立地土壤和母岩中的丰度、分布模式及生物吸收强度等特征．并探讨了稀土元素和脐橙品质的关系。     

基于GIS的广安市脐橙气候适应性区划

将常规地面观测资料和山地剖面气象观测、气象哨点观测资料相结合 ,建立广安市脐橙气候适应性指标要素的细网格推算模型 y=f(h ,Ψ ,l,β) ,应用 1∶2 50 0 0 0地理信息资料和GIS技术将广安市脐橙生产划分为四类区域 ,其结果指出了广安市脐橙生产布局中的问题 ,为广安市脐橙产业基地建设提供了科学依据