赣南脐橙高温低湿灾害时空分布及预报研究

利用1961—2013年近53a赣州市17个县(市、区)气象台站脐橙生理落花落果期(4月15日—5月31日)逐日气象资料,分析脐橙生理落花落果期高温低湿灾害时空分布特征,及赣州脐橙高温低湿灾害过程短期天气形势特征。结果表明:赣州中北部高温低湿灾害日数明显多于南部,20世纪末21世纪初,赣州脐橙高温低湿灾害出现了由少变多的显著突变,高温低湿天数呈明显增加趋势;利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2000年以来的个例分析发现,造成脐橙高温低湿灾害的天气形势主要是大陆暖高压和副热带高压2类典型天气形势。     

引起鄂东北油茶落花落果的气象灾害研究

通过2016—2017年对麻城市油茶落花落果观测,分析各气象灾害引起油茶落花落果表现特征、所占百分比和对应时期气象资料,结果表明:气象灾害导致的落花落果超过生理落果及机械损伤落果,占比近30%;产生油茶落花落果的主要气象灾害依次为高温干旱、低温冻害、风灾和梅雨期连阴雨;落花落果易发期有3个:冬季、梅雨期和盛夏,尤以冬季和盛夏期最重;产生油茶落花落果现象的气象灾害指标为:高温日数达到10 d以上且无降水、日最大风速≥8.0 m/s、Tm≤-3.5℃、梅雨期出现3～5 d连阴雨。通过油茶坐果率年变化曲线,揭示了油茶全生育期各气象灾害、生理或机械损伤落果导致坐果率逐渐下降的变化趋势和规律,为有效应对气象灾害,加强灾害防控,提高油茶产量,提供科学依据。     

柴达木盆地近40年≥0℃、≥10℃初、终日和积温的变化及其对农业生产的影响研究

本利用柴达木盆地绿洲农业区5个气象站1961～2002年逐日平均气温资料，统计分析了日平均气温≥0℃、≥10℃积温近40年韵变化特征，研究了其对农业生产的影响。结果表明：日平均气温≥0℃、≥10℃界限温度初日普遍提前，终日稳定推后，积温显增多，生长季明显延长。平均而言，二十世纪90年代≥0℃初、终日与多年平均相比，初日平均提前5．5d，终日推后5．4d；≥10℃初日平均提前4．3d，终日推后5．9d；全年≥0℃积温平均增加136℃、≥10℃增加166℃。     

西北地区热量资源对气候变化的响应特征

基于西北5省（区）150个测站1961～2003年历年日平均气温,引入气候趋势系数和气候倾向率,对〈0℃负积温、〉0℃和〉10℃积温对气候变化的响应特征进行分析。采用EOF分解后的时间系数,利用小波和M-K分析方法,对〈0℃负积温、〉0℃和〉10℃积温的时间演变特征进行分析。结果表明：西北地区〈0℃负积温表现为全区一致增加趋势,平均气候倾向率为52.9℃/10 a,增长最快;〉0℃积温的平均气候倾向率为50.7℃/10 a,西北地区〉10℃积温的平均气候倾向率为49.3℃/10 a,增长最慢。〈0℃负积温、〉0℃和〉10℃积温均从1986年开始增加,在1995年后增加趋势更加明显。1987年是负积温显著增温的突变年份,〉0℃积温在1996年前后发生突变,〉10℃积温在1995年前后发生突变。小波分析结果呈现出〈0℃负积温存在准6 a和准9 a的振荡周期;〉0℃和〉10℃积温存在准8 a变化周期。     

5月高温引起温州蜜柑异常落花落果及对策

分析试验结果发现，5月份的高温天气对桂林地区蜜柑花果的影响十分明显，当5月日平均气温≥25℃或最高气温≥30℃连续3d或以上时，会引起温州蜜柑异常落花落果，从而降低产量。为此，统计了桂林地区出现5月高温的气候概率，并提出了防御5月高温危害的措施，以便参考。     

五月高温干旱对柑桔落花落果的影响

一、观测方法和结果近年来5月高温干旱天气,严重影响柑桔前期落花落果的现象已引起人们的重视。1986年我们在本地桔园实地观测结果,总落花落果率为97.4％,座果率仅2.6％;而5月落果后,落花落果率就已达96.2％,可见5月高温干旱对其的影响程度。观测点设在金华市开化村桔园(面积12.67公顷,距本站500米),在桔园内设两个观测小区,每小区9棵,设样株5棵,在每一样株的骨干枝中部按东、南、西、北4个方位各选一个枝条作为观测枝,共设观测枝40条。自开花始期到生理落果结束,每天数记观测枝上的花     

形成晚稻异常不实粒的农业气象条件的初步研究

本试验系在1962—1963年期间,利用广东晚季普遍栽培的代表品种,进行了大田和盆栽分期播植,并观察了气象条件和结实状况的关系,获如下结果: 1.花粉母细胞减数分裂期和花粉充实期对不良的气象条件最敏感。低温能使花粉发育不正常或丧失生命,这是大量空粒产生的主要原因之一。减数分裂期三天内平均温度低于22℃,最低温度平均低于17℃,空粒率显著增加,达到30％;平均温度低于21℃,最低温度平均低于16℃,空粒率大于50％。在花粉充实期五天的平均温度为23℃,最低温度平均为18.5℃时,空粒率开始增加,达到15％。 2.半实粒产生的条件是很复杂的,初步探明低温对影响籽粒充实状况的根伤流量有较明显的影响,10厘米土温低于24℃,根伤流开始减少,温度低于20℃,根伤流量接近停止。     

刺葡萄果实物理生长规律与气象条件关系分析

根据2014—2015年观测资料分析刺葡萄落花落果、果实膨大规律及与气象条件的关系:刺葡萄4月下旬开花,5月下旬生理落果基本结束后单穗果粒数减少缓慢,但若遇连阴雨等不利天气,易滋生灰霉病、霜霉病等,致第二次生理落果过重,正常情况下最终每穗平均果实粒数40粒左右;刺葡萄从坐果到生理落果结束期(5月)是横茎增长最快的时期,6月中旬进入硬核期后,膨大不明显。在幼果膨大期及硬核期,一般要求日平均气温20℃,最适宜温度24~28℃,成熟期横茎为1.8~1.9 cm。海拔差异对最终果实物理参数影响不明显。     

月高温引起温州蜜柑异常落花落果及对策

分析试验结果表明，５月份的高温天气对桂林地区蜜柑花果的影响十分明显，当５月日平均气温≥２５℃或最高气温≥３０℃连续３ｄ或以上时，会引起温州蜜柑异常落花落果，从而降低产量，为此，统计了桂林地区出现５月高温的气候概率，并提出了防御５月高温危害的措施，以便参考。     

CAWS600型自动气象站与人工观测温湿度差异的初步分析

通过对兵团奎屯农七师中心气象站2002年9—12月逐日自动气象站与人工观测温湿度的比较，发现CAWS600型自动气象站的气温值普遍比人工观测气温值高，日平均气温高出0．3℃，日最高气温高出0．35℃，日最低气温高出0．25℃。相对湿度值人工观测比自动气象站高，日平均相对湿度高出4．55％，日最低相对湿度高出5．7％。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;