Chlorophyll modulation of mixed layer thermodynamics in a mixed-layer isopycnal General Circulation Model — An example from Arabian Sea and equatorial Pacific

Western tropical Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and the equatorial Pacific are known as regions of intense bio-chemical-physical interactions: the Arabian Sea has the largest phytoplankton bloom with seasonal signal, while the equatorial Pacific bloom is perennial with quasi-permanent upwelling. Here, we studied three dimensional ocean thermodynamics comparing recent ocean observation with ocean general circulation model (OPYC) experiment combined with remotely sensed chlorophyll pigment concentrations from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). Using solar radiation parameterization representing observations that a higher abundance of chlorophyll increases absorption of solar irradiance and heating rate in the upper ocean, we showed that the mixed layer thickness decreases more than they would be under clear water conditions. These changes in the model mixed layer were consistent with Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) observations during the 1994-1995 Arabian Sea experiment and epi-fluorescence microscopy (EFM) on samples collected during Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Study (EPOCS) in November, 1988. In the Arabian Sea, as the chlorophyll concentrations peak in October (3 mg/m³) after the summer plankton bloom induced by coastal upwelling, the chlorophyll induced biological heating enhanced the sea surface temperature (SST) by as much as 0.6‡C and sub-layer temperature decreases and sub-layer thickness increases. In the equatorial Pacific, modest concentrations of chlorophyll less than 0.3 mg/m³ is enough to introduce a meridional differential heating, which results in reducing the equatorial mixed layer thickness to more than 20 m. The anomalous meridional tilting of the mixed layer bottom enhances off equatorial westward geostrophic currents. Consequently, the equatorial undercurrent transports more water from west to east. We proposed that these numerical model experiments with use of satellite andin situ ocean observations are consistent under three dimensional ocean circulation theory combined with solar radiation transfer process.     

基于遥感数据的常熟市耕地资源数量动态变化分析

采用RS和GIS技术，对常熟市1984—2001年间土地利用进行调查，获得了1984、1992、1999、2001年四个时期的土地利用状况及其变化资料。通过多时期对比分析发现：1984—1992年，居民点工矿占用耕地、耕地变成水域和耕地变成交通用地，分别占耕地转出总面积的56．7％、36．6％和5．4％。1992—1999年上述各项则分别占耕地转出总面积的47．3％、45．7％和7．0％。1999——2001年分别占耕地转出总面积的2．4％、95．6％和1．3％。1999年以后农村农业结构调整已经成为耕地面积减少的主要原因，应通过制定区域农业中长期发展规划和法规进行宏观调控。     

Calibration of an oscillating nozzle‐type rainfall simulator

Nozzle‐type rainfall simulators are commonly used in hydrologic and soil erosion research. Simulated rainfall intensity, originating from the nozzle, increases as the distance between the point of measurement and the source is decreased. Hence, rainfall measured using rain gauges would systematically overestimate the rainfall received at the ground level. A simple model was developed to adjust rainfall measured anywhere under the simulator to plot‐wide average rainfall at the ground level. Nozzle height, plot width, gauge diameter and height, and gauge location are required to compute this adjustment factor. Results from 15 runs at different rain intensities and durations, and with different rain gauge layouts, showed that a simple average of measured rain would overestimate the plot‐wide rain by about 20 per cent. Using the adjustment factor to convert measured rainfall for individual gauges before averaging improved the estimate of plot‐wide rainfall considerably. For the 15 runs considered, overall discrepancy between actual and measured rain is reduced to less than 1 per cent with a standard error of 0·97 mm. This model can be easily tested in the ?eld by comparing rainfall depths of different sized gauges. With the adjustment factor they should all give very similar values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地图数字化数据处理的相关平差与精度分析

根据地图数字化坐标转换方法、转换所得地面坐标平差方法 ,得到数字化数据处理的几种方案 ,对不同方案的计算结果进行比较 ,讨论了相关性对平差结果的影响 ,并对数字化数据的精度评定进行了分析     

两等级网不使用导数的联合非线性最小二乘估计

针对不同等级测量控制网的联合平差，介绍一种不使用导数的解析方法，该方法一方面克服了传统平差中由于起算数据误差对低级网的精度影响，而使加密的精度逐次降低的缺点；另一方面，完全避免了导数的计算，大大减少了计算工作量。     

GPS RTK测量技术的应用与体会

GPS RTK测量技术以快捷、精准的特点广泛地被测量人员所接受，但是在到量中仍存在一些问题需要研究。本文介绍了几种经常遇到的棘手问题及其解决方法。     

测量平差函数模型的若干讨论

讨论了测量平差函数模型的几种形式———参数模型、非参数模型及半参数模型 ,分别论述了各种模型的优缺点及其适用范围。半参数模型对于客观实际具有极强的解释能力 ,应给予充分的重视和深入的研究。     

模型误差对平差结果及其参数估计性质的影响分析

本文从模型误差的理论出发，讨论了模型误差对平差结果及其参数估计性质的影响，提出了当存在模型误差时，采用均方差对平差模型及其结果进行估价更为合理．     

佳木斯市GPS控制网的建立——索佳GSS1A型GPS接收机的应用

介绍利用日本索佳公司ＧＳＳ１Ａ型ＧＰＳ接收机在建立佳木斯市ＧＰＳ控制网中的应用。阐述了ＧＰＳ控制网的布设方案，外地施测方法和数据处理与精度分析，并扼要的总结了建网的经验与体会。     

鲁西地壳隆升的伸展构造模式

伸展链锁断层系，形成了鲁西的主导造格局，即“块断”构造。它是由中、生代两次伸展运动形成的。伸展运动幔源岩浆活动有着密切的成生联系。伸展运动的结果，形成了以泰山－鲁山－沂山为核心的鲁中块隆，它至今耸立于周围以平原地貌为标志的地堑系之间，隆起的高点，就是当今的泰山。